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encapsulated in chitosan Fe3O4, magnetite FeO4 KNO3, potassium nitrate Mg(OH)2, magnesium hydroxide Pd, palladium S, sulfur core to be coated with TiO2 TiO2, titanium dioxide ZnO, zinc oxide ZnO -carotene Chitosan for drug loading Curcumin Nimesulide Starch 2006 Chin et al. 2008 Haseidi et al. 2016 Vilardi et al. 2017 Tai et al. 2017 Zou et al. 2011 Dell’Era et al. 2019 Mohammadi et al. 2014 Stoller et al. 2020 Hartleb et al. 2007 Anantachoke et al. 2006 Loh et al. 2010 Khan et al. 2014 Rathod et al. 2018 Cana et al. 2019 10 10 8.5 12 10 8.5 30 8.5 10 10 10 15,18 18 30 1 1 1 with recirculation 1 1 1 3/0,5,10 4/1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 1 1 1 1 S-AS process 1 S-AS process 1 S-AS process 3-5 nm 6 nm < 250 nm 47 nm 160 nm 60 nm < 5 nm 50 nm 1 nm 40 nm 20 nm 220 nm 192 nm 90 nm 2500 rpm 5000 rpm 140 rpm 2000 rpm 1500 rpm 1400 rpm 1200 rpm 1400 rpm 3000 rpm 1000 rpm 1000 rpm 1500 rpm 300 rpm 1200 rpm 123 Table 1 shows in order, metallic, inorganic compounds, and organic ones. Some nanoparticles, after production are functionalized by coating with chitosan (Chin et al., 2006), oleic acid (Haseidl et al., 2016), or titania (Dell’Era et al., 2019) to their more specific use. Looking at the characteristics of the adopted SDR, we notice that the disc diameter is in the range of 8.5 – 30 cm, apart from a value of 50 cm used to produce barium sulfate in the first application (Cafiero et al., 2002). The applied rotational velocity of the disc is between 500 and 5000 rpm. The relatively small disc diameter adopted is due to these main reasons: the need to limit the residence time of the born nanoparticles over the disc and thus of their size growth, and to achieve a high disc rotation per minute, suitable to attain the micromixing of the fluid streams over its surface. In some cases, there is a gas atmosphere inside the spinning disc case to accomplish the reaction. Examples are the reduced atmosphere of H2 in Pd's production (Zou et al., 2011) and that one of carbon dioxide for carbonation of calcium hydroxide to produce calcium carbonate (Tai et al., 2005). The SDR technique's performance in terms of average nanoparticle size is very satisfactory: for the inorganic compounds, besides a few cases, the value is lower than 100 nm and often smaller than 10 nm. Nanoparticles of organic compounds produced by the S-AS process exhibit higher size values, mainly because a harder supersaturation control. The comparison between the performances of a stirred tank reactor (STR) and an SDR shows that the better fluid mixing of the SDR leads to a substantial size reduction of the produced solid particles, but to an increase of the energy consumption for unit weight of the solid product because of the higher induced turbulence. Cafiero et. al. (2002) reported a value of 115 W/kg for the precipitation-reaction of BaSO4, whereas Khan et al. has evaluated an energy consumption of 473 W/kg of curcumin produced by an S-AS process (Khan and Radhot, 2018). 3. Main control parameters for SDR The main SDR control parameters are the disc speed, the nature of the disc surface (smooth or grooved), and the feed liquid streams' flow rates. Further parameters are the attained supersaturation of the product that precipitates, the number of the feeding point and their location, finally the adopted, if any, stabilizing agent. Obviously, supersaturation has a direct effect on the nucleation rate of the solid. Its increase due to higher concentrations of the reagents or lower ratio S-AS values leads to reducing the particle size (PS). The drawback is the increase of the agglomeration rate, which the presence of dispersion agents should face, often adopted.PDF Image | Spinning Disc Reactor to produce Nanoparticles
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