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change temperature it is cooled back. The storage capacity of the phase change materials is equal to the phase change enthalpy at the phase change temperature + sensible heat stored over the whole temperature range of the storage. • Chemical reactions The sorption or thermo chemical reactions provide thermal storage capacity. The basic principle is: AB + heat ⇔ A+B; using heat a compound AB is broken into components A and B which can be stored separately; bringing A and B together AB is formed and heat is released. The storage capacity is the heat of reaction or free energy of the reaction. Figure 1 illustrates the change of storage capacity Q for the three different thermal storage types as a function of temperature or fraction of compound (X=B). The storage systems based on chemical reactions have negligible losses whereas a sensible heat storage dissipates the stored heat to the environment and need to be isolated. 3. Storage materials Materials are the key issues for thermal storage. There are a large range of different materials that can be used for thermal storage as shown by Table 1. The most common storage medium is water. The classical example for phase change materials is the Glauber salt (sodium sulphate). Metal hydrides are well-known hydrogen stores in which hydrogen is absorbed into the metallic structure with the help of heat, or turning it around, adding hydrogen would release heat and removing hydrogen absorb heat. In this way metal hydrides also work as thermo chemical heat storage (AB=MeHx). One of the most interesting physical parameters of a thermal storage is its storage capacity and temperature range. These two parameters determine the size and suitability of the storage to an application, respectively. Table 2 gives a summary of the storage capacity and temperature range for some important potential storage materials. Sensible heat energy storage has the advantage of being relatively cheap but the energy density is low and there is a gliding discharging temperature. To overcome these disadvantages phase change materials (PCM’s) can be used for thermal energy storage. The change of phase can be a melting or a vaporization process. Melting processes have energy densities in the order of 100 kWh/m3 compared to 25 kWh/m3 for sensible heat storage. Vaporization processes are combined with a sorption process. Energy has to be withdrawn at a low temperature when charging and be delivered at a high temperature when discharging the storage. Energy densities in the order of 300 kWh/m3 can be achieved. The storage capacity of water in a typical house heating application is about 60 kWh/m3. For comparison, the storage capacity of oil is about 10 MWh/m3. Phase change materials (PCM) based on hydrates or fatty acids have a phase change heat of the same order as the whole storage capacity of water. If adding the sensible heat of the PCM then the storage capacity of the PCM would be doubled. Phase change materials can be incorporated into building materials and thus contribute to lower energy consumption and power demand by storing solar energy during the day and storing cold at night. 2PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage 2019
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