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As the PCM has a sharp change in the storage capacity at a single temperature point (phase change temperature), it can be used for temperature regulation. For example, mixing PCM into the building material could increase the thermal capacity of a wall manifold. A wall has typically an effective ∆T of around 10-15 oC which gives a storage capacity of 10 kWh/m3 which is about 1/5th of that of paraffin. Mixing two different PCM’s in a suitable proportion gives the possibility to match the phase change temperature exactly with the temperature of the application. PCM’s can also be includes in containers of different shapes. One common container is the plastic capsules (SLT) that is put into a tank where the heat transfer fluid (usually) water melts or solidifies the PCM. Several different PCM’s with melting points ranging from -21°C up to 120°C are commercially available. Phase change materials and chemical reactions are also used for heating and cooling purposes in small applications like hand warmers (sodium acetate trihydrate). Thermo-chemical storage materials have the highest storage capacity of all storage media. Some of the materials may even approach the storage density of biomass. Solid silica gel has a storage capacity which is up to about 4-times that of water. Water storage is the main commercially available thermal storage systems. Small PCM storage units have been sold mainly for special applications. Both PCM and thermo chemical storage needs still R&D efforts to be practical. Storage is a critical component of systems providing both space heating and hot water production. In order to achieve high efficiency both at an acceptable cost and in a “marketable” volume, a suitable material for high-density thermal storage should achieve at least triple the storage capacity of water in order to be a significant breakthrough. Such a material has not been found yet. Fundamental (chemical and physical) research is needed to find a material which can meet the requirements. Potential candidates materials include micro-encapsulated PCM (phase-change materials) and selective water sorption materials; Figure 2. The „sodium sulphide system” promises a potentially high energy density, but faces some problems concerning heat and mass transfer, corrosion, toxicity and vacuum tightness. The sorption or thermo chemical reactions provide heat at different temperatures within different periods. For long-term store of solar heat the adsorption of hydro vapor in Silica gel is used Figure 3. The development of sorption storage for market deployment in the areas of long-term storage for solar energy as well as for peak load storage for co-generation plants, heat pump systems and district heating is coordinated both within EU- and IEA-Research Programmes at international level. Some prototypes are in the design and testing phase; Figure 4. The main goal of a new international research project in the framework of the IEA-Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (TASK 32) is to investigate new or advanced solutions for storing heat in systems providing heating or cooling for low energy buildings. 4. Water storage technology Possible “sensible heat” storage media are liquid (especially water) and solid materials (especially soil and stone). 3PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage 2019
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