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Thermal Energy Storage Gerhard Faninger Keywords: The role of thermal storage in heating systems. Physical principles. Storage materials and capacity. State of the art of storage technologies. Hot water storage: concepts, design and system integration. Large sensible heat storage for central solar heating plants. Indirect heat storage for solar energy: bioenergy and ambient heat. Summary and conclusion. 1. Background The need of thermal energy storage may often be linked to the following cases: • there is a mismatch between thermal energy supply and energy demand, • when intermittent energy sources are utilized, and • for compensation of the solar fluctuation in solar heating systems. Possible technical solutions to overcome the thermal storage need may be the following: • building production over-capacity, • using a mix of different supply options, • adding back-up/auxiliary energy systems, • only summer-time utilization of solar energy, • short/long-term thermal energy storage. In traditional energy systems, the need for thermal storage is often short-term and therefore the technical solutions for thermal energy storage may be quite simple, and for most cases water storage. There are three main physical ways for thermal energy storage: sensible heat, phase change reactions and thermo chemical reactions. Storage based on chemical reactions has much higher thermal capacity than sensible heat but are not yet widely commercially viable. Large volume sensible heat systems are promising technologies with low heat losses and attractive prices. 2. Physical principles of thermal energy storage When a thermal storage need occurs, there are three main physical principles to provide a thermal energy function: • Sensible heat The storage is based on the temperature change in the material and the unit storage capacity [J/g] is equal to heat capacitance × temperature change. • Phase-change If the material changes its phase at a certain temperature while heating the substance then heat is stored in the phase change. Reversing, heat is dissipated when at the phase 1PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage 2019
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