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Energies 2017, 10, 1873 2 of 12 are very attractive and have great potential to mitigate impacts associated with changing weather patterns to a great extent and make substantial contributions towards GHG emission reduction [4]. In the building sector, solar energy has been used for space heating/cooling and electricity production. As solar energy is intermittent and there is a mismatch between the supply and demand periods there is a need for heat storage so that the excess heat produced during the peak soar irradiation can be stored for use during peak demand periods. Sensible heat storage, which is achieved by changing the temperature of the storage material without changing its phase, is one of the most widely used techniques for thermal energy storage methods. It is simple and least expensive [5,6]. Another attractive feature of sensible heat storage systems is that charging and discharging operations can be completely reversible for unlimited number of cycles, i.e., over the life span of the storage [7]. In addition, the use of simple materials such as rocks, which are readily available in many areas (including remote areas), makes sensible heat storage long-lasting, safe and relatively easy to install. Because of their applicability in residential, industrial and commercial settings, sensible heat storage systems have been studied extensively. A review paper by Pinel et al. [6] indicates that large-scale seasonal storage systems have been constructed in Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, France, The Netherlands, the United States, Turkey, Korea, Germany and Canada. American Society for Heating Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) provides guidance on solar thermal designs indicating that each system must be individually engineered. One important item of note is that ASHRAE Applications Handbook cautions engineers that an active solar thermal system is not suitable in climates with long periods of freezing temperatures [8]. Thermal energy storage systems have been utilized in normally unoccupied buildings and power plants. One example demonstrated by M.K. Ghosal et al. [9] is a greenhouse where it was shown that solar thermal energy storage systems outperform utilizing the near constant temperature of the ground for heating applications. Concentrated Solar Power (CSPT) thermal storage has also shown great promise in offsetting the diurnal nature of solar availability. Bruch et al. [10] showed that a rock-bed filled with high-temperature oil could be used to store a large amount of heat for CSP plants. D. Phueakphum and K. Fuenkajorn 2010 [11] reported that a passive system was designed for a rural Thailand application. The system uses an opaque surface to allow heating of a rock bed and air naturally transfers heat to the living space through convection. While the system achieved the goal of adding heat to the space during cold evenings, it did increase the interior temperature to near 35 ◦C during the day, which is beyond the comfort level. An active solar thermal residential design simulation was conducted by Sweet and McLeskey [12], which showed a significant reduction in fossil fuel consumption for a single residence dwelling in Richmond, Virginia. Sweet and McLeskey simulated flat plate solar collectors by varying the home size as well as the sand-bed size. The sand-bed thermal storage took almost five years to reach a seasonal equilibrium and become “fully charged”. Their research also showed that an improperly sized thermal storage system could lead to negligible heating results. Too small of a storage system would not effectively store enough heat for seasonal use, and too large of a storage system would never obtain a warm enough sensible heating temperature. The use of local available storage materials such as gravel or silica sand is a key for cost effectiveness [13]. One of the primary advantages of dry sand-bed thermal storage systems is their ability to reach high temperatures and therefore provide a higher energy quality, which is important for commercial systems. Sand-beds can also be easily integrated into the design of the structure or facilities siting, for example, the foundation or parking lot. L.T. Terziotte et al. [14] modeled a thermal energy storage system utilizing a sand-bed for a large university complex for the Virginia Commonwealth University, a relatively warm climate compared to Alaska, and predicted as much as 91% of heating needs could be provided by the thermal storage system. Literature review shows that there is a significant gap in research for solar thermal energy storage systems for residential applications in regions with extended periods of freezing temperature like Alaska. This study is conducted on the premise that sand-bed seasonal solar thermal energy systemsPDF Image | Seasonal Solar Thermal Energy Sand-Bed Storage in Alaska
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