Seasonal Solar Thermal Energy Sand-Bed Storage in Alaska

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Seasonal Solar Thermal Energy Sand-Bed Storage in Alaska ( seasonal-solar-thermal-energy-sand-bed-storage-alaska )

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energies Article Seasonal Solar Thermal Energy Sand-Bed Storage in a Region with Extended Freezing Periods: Part I Experimental Investigation Getu Hailu 1,* ID , Philip Hayes 1 and Mark Masteller 2 1 2 * Correspondence: ghailu@alaska.edu Received: 22 October 2017; Accepted: 10 November 2017; Published: 15 November 2017 Abstract: We present the first experimental study of sand-bed thermal energy storage conducted in a region with extended freezing period. The study was carried out on a home situated in Palmer, Alaska, 61.6◦ N, and 149.1◦ W. The home is equipped with evacuated tube solar thermal collectors that are connected to a seasonal sand-bed solar thermal energy storage system. Fourteen weeks of data was collected from a period of 28 January 2017 through 7 May 2017. Results suggest that seasonal sand-bed solar thermal storage systems are an excellent option for storing heat for climates in regions with long periods of freezing temperatures. The present study shows a proof of concept of a sand-bed seasonal solar thermal storage that needs additional controls for residential heating application. The system could also be used to provide heat for unoccupied spaces such as garages and greenhouses. Keywords: thermal energy storage; sand-bed; cold region; solar energy 1. Introduction Energy demand and usage is expected to change significantly as a result of changing weather patterns, affecting heating/cooling and electricity demands. In the U.S., the buildings sector accounts for 41% of the primary energy use [1], hence it is very likely that this sector will be highly impacted by climate change and associated weather patterns. In cold regions like Alaska, sea level rise, permafrost melting, intense and more frequent extreme weather events, increased wind speeds and ocean storms will all negatively impact energy infrastructure, in the form of reduced efficiency of thermal plants, cooling constraints on thermal plants, and increased stress on transmission and distribution systems. Electricity generation from hydro, wind and other renewable and biofuel production will also be affected. For example, according to International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates, 1 ◦C of temperature warming will reduce the available summer electricity generation capacity up to 16% by the 2040s in the United States alone [2]. Distributed energy generation through renewable energy (RE) sources provide growing price competitiveness, long-term certainty and energy security [3]. RE sources are local thus providing security of supply, helping a nation reduce its dependence on imported sources. Renewable Energy Systems-based technologies have the potential to mitigate the effects of climate change through the use of energy storage, and distributed and dispersed energy generation. RE systems for space heating/cooling, such as photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) systems, building integrated photovoltaics/thermal (BIPV/T) systems, seasonal thermal storage systems (STSS) and heat pumps Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, ECB 301K, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA; pmhayes@alaska.edu Bristol Bay Campus, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 1070, Dillingham, AK 99576, USA; mamasteller@alaska.edu Energies 2017, 10, 1873; doi:10.3390/en10111873 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

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