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Crystals 2021, 11, 951 2 of 14 well-known sensible materials include rock, sand, and water. Meanwhile, latent thermal storage is associated with storing thermal energy by changing the storage material phase or state from solid to liquid or vice versa. Some common examples include molten salt, ice/water, and paraffin wax (PW). The third type (thermochemical storage) is different, as it stores thermal energy through a chemical process called adsorption, which differs from the previous two types associated with physical thermal storage. For example, silica gel and zeolite are considered thermochemical storage materials. The key to the effective and widespread use of solar energy for low-temperature thermal applications is efficient and cost-effective heat storage. Latent heat storage is mostly desirable because of its capability to deliver a high-level energy storage intensity and its features to store heat at a constant temperature, which are related to the phase transition temperature of the heat storage element. For example, molten salt has been used in concentrated solar power systems to store solar heat. Additionally, ice storage has been widely used for chilled water applications. However, storage capacity and temperature range are the two main factors that determine the suitability of phase change materials for specific applications. Therefore, paraffin wax (PW) has been introduced as a promising PCM, especially for free cooling applications [2–5]. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered a high thermal conductivity additive due to their huge, homogeneous micropores, matchless physicochemical properties, particular sur- face area, minimal density, and thermal conductivity at high levels [2000–6000 W/(m K)] [4]. CNTs are being employed as an addition to improve the heat transfer properties of other chemical adsorbents [2,4]. Considering that CNTs are a one-dimensional nano-addition substance, they have a distinguished nano-scale effect, high thermal conductivity, and low mass loss [4]. Corresponding to related studies, CNTs have a thermal conductivity greater than 3000 W/(m K) [5,6]. Based on the previous facts, the mixing of CNTs with paraffin wax (PW) to enhance the thermal conductivity of PCMs has been conducted in numerous studies [7–10]. Wang et al. [10] integrated pristine multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) into paraffin and revealed that the thermal conductivity improvement ratios in the composite containing 2.0 wt.% were 35% and 40%, respectively, in solid and liquid states. In alternative research, Wang et al. [11] handled CNTs with a mechano-chemical treatment. Handled CNTs have been effectively spread regarding the palmitic acid solution caused by their chemical func- tional structure, mainly the hydroxide radical in the shell of said CNTs. Wang et al. [11,12] synthesized separate dual types of MWCNTs and compared the impact of the two vari- ations on the thermal behavior of PW and palmitic acid. The authors mentioned that by adding low amounts of grafted MWCNTs, this modification could improve the PCMs’ thermal conductivity at a heat above 60 ◦C compared to premier MWCNTs. Nevertheless, these modified MWCNT-containing nanocomposites have lower thermal conductivity than premier MWCNTs at lower temperatures. Teng et al. [13] reported the addition of MWCNTs and graphite to paraffin to improve the properties of PCMs. This investigational outcome showed that the addition of MWCNTs is more efficient than graphite in changing the thermal storage of paraffin. Ye et al. [14] used Na2CO3, MgO as a PCM, and MWCNTs as supportive substances. The obtained results showed that the thermal conductivity of MWCNTs improves as the mass fraction increases, and likewise raises with the increase in test temperature. Xu and Li [15] manufactured stable paraffin composites modified by diatomite and MWCNTs to produce cement-based thermal energy storage composites. They reported that the thermal conductivity and thermal storage rate increased significantly compared to the blank paraffin. Li et al. [16] combined CNTs with 1-octadecanol to improve the thermal conductivity of the PCM. Tang et al. [17] applied multi-walled CNTs plus n-octadecylamine (f-MWCNTs) to enhance the MWCNT dispersibility of PCMs in paraffin. Xiao et al. [18] developed oxidized and grafted carbon nanotubes as a filler to improve the thermal energy storage of palmitic acid (PA). Wherever the grafted type was implanted on the 3-propyltrimethoxysilane based on oxidized type, the composite PCMs’ thermalPDF Image | Paraffin Wax As a Phase Changing Material PCM
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