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crystals Article Paraffin Wax [As a Phase Changing Material (PCM)] Based Composites Containing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Development Norah Hamad Almousa 1, Maha R. Alotaibi 1, Mohammad Alsohybani 1, Dominik Radziszewski 2, Saeed M. AlNoman 3, Bandar M. Alotaibi 1 and Maha M. Khayyat 1,* Citation: Almousa,N.H.;Alotaibi, M.R.; Alsohybani, M.; Radziszewski, D.; AlNoman, S.M.; Alotaibi, B.M.; Khayyat, M.M. Paraffin Wax [As a Phase Changing Material (PCM)] Based Composites Containing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Development. Crystals 2021, 11, 951. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080951 Academic Editors: Eamor M. Woo and Suresh Kannan Balasingam Received: 16 June 2021 Accepted: 28 July 2021 Published: 15 August 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1 2 3 * Correspondence: mkhayyat@kacst.edu.sa Abstract: Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies are considered as enabling and supporting technologies for more sustainable and reliable energy generation methods such as solar thermal and concentrated solar power. A thorough investigation of the TES system using paraffin wax (PW) as a phase changing material (PCM) should be considered. One of the possible approaches for improving the overall performance of the TES system is to enhance the thermal properties of the energy storage materials of PW. The current study investigated some of the properties of PW doped with nano-additives, namely, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNs), forming a nanocomposite PCM. The paraffin/MWCNT composite PCMs were tailor-made for enhanced and efficient TES applications. The thermal storage efficiency of the current TES bed system was approximately 71%, which is significant. Scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) characterization showed the physical incorporation of MWCNTs with PW, which was achieved by strong interfaces without microcracks. In addition, the FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) and TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) experimental results of this composite PCM showed good chemical compatibility and thermal stability. This was elucidated based on the observed similar thermal mass loss profiles as well as the identical chemical bond peaks for all of the tested samples (PW, CNT, and PW/CNT composites). Keywords: TES; PCM; paraffin wax; multi-walled CNTs; SEM; EDX; TGA; FTIR 1. Introduction Intermittent thermal energy, particularly from renewable resources such as solar energy, has entailed the need to develop reliable thermal energy storage (TES) technologies, mainly for heating and cooling applications. Furthermore, the balance of thermal energy supply and demand should be investigated thoroughly, such as the economic deployment of TES technologies, which could be achieved and be successful. In this regard, solar heating and cooling have been considered the most substantial applications requiring TES systems. Although most of the traditional thermal energy systems require short-term thermal storage solutions (i.e., water thermal storage), some significant applications require robust TES technologies, especially for long-term storage requirements in the industrial and commercial sectors. There are three types of thermal energy storage technologies: sensible storage, latent or, more often, phase change storage, and thermochemical storage [1]. First, sensible thermal storage is based on the capability of storage materials to store thermal energy while varying its temperature without changing its state (i.e., solid or liquid). The most King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; nalmousa@kacst.edu.sa (N.H.A.); mralotaibi@kacst.edu.sa (M.R.A.); sohybani@kacst.edu.sa (M.A.); bmalotaibi@kacst.edu.sa (B.M.A.) New Energy Transfer Ltd., 02-913 Warsaw, Poland; d.radziszewski@newenergytransfer.com Saudi Electricity Company, Riyadh 11416, Saudi Arabia; SMNoman@se.com.sa Crystals 2021, 11, 951. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080951 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/crystalsPDF Image | Paraffin Wax As a Phase Changing Material PCM
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