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Energies 2022, 15, 6331 2 of 33 generated from natural gas, however, the Sustainable Development Scenario predicts that over 41% of water production will be based on renewable energy sources [4]. There are a lot of efforts realized worldwide in order to purify water. Solutions may involve treating wastewater through microorganisms [5] or using semi-permeable membranes [6]. However, the most common method is the desalination of seawater. This can be done by thermal means [7,8], by freezing [9], or by pressure (membrane permeation) [10]. The thermal way is based on the direct evaporation of a portion of seawater. During this operation, a by-product is obtained, i.e., deposited salt, and pure water in the form of steam. One of the latest ideas for desalinating water is to freeze it [11]; however, this process is very expensive and therefore rarely used. The pressure methods are based directly on the water passing through a semi-permeable membrane on the basis of the osmosis phenomenon. The membrane has small openings so that only water molecules can fit through it. The process can be demonstrated on a model consisting of two connected vessels divided by a semi-permeable membrane. One of them contains saline water, and the other contains water with a reduced concentration of salt. The system seeks to equalize the saline concentrations between the two vessels, thus, a flow of water of lower concentration into the water of higher concentration is observed. Since only water molecules pass through the membrane, the water level in the vessel with the higher salt concentration increases. Water transport is caused by what is called osmotic pressure [12]. This is the exact amount of pressure with which one has to act on the water of higher concentration to inhibit liquid transport. Thus, in a situation where the applied pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure, water molecules from the tank with a higher concentration will be transported to the tank with pure water. This process is called reverse osmosis [13,14]. The relative simplicity of this process has made this solution one of the most common choices in seawater and ocean water desalination systems. 2. State of the Art As renewables are considered to be the future power source for desalination processes, it is important to properly design the energy facility used for the purpose of freshwa- ter production. The main disadvantage of most types of renewable energy sources is the instability of power generation. This is mainly due to the fluctuation and hard-to-predict availability of primary energy sources [15]. Additionally, this energy is beyond the control of the energy user and it cannot be constantly adjusted to consumption. It is challenging to match the demand to the potential energy production from renewable sources as they are hard to forecast on both a short and long-term basis. In order to maintain electricity security, those intermittent energy sources should be backed up with the ones that can be controlled. In this way, hybrid energy systems are created [16]. Such systems are divided into two groups: those with two, and those with multiple types of energy-generation technologies [17]. Due to the simplicity of plant construction and technological availability, the most popular type of dual hybrid system is a solar–wind power plant. (The authors analyzed the installations in their paper focusing on describing the methodology for modeling hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) components, HRES designs, and their evaluation. In view of the system cost, the contribution of PV is small compared to that of wind. It is noted that the ratio of PV power to wind power in a hybrid PV/wind system to achieve the lowest possible cost is 70% [18].) This solution partially eliminates the stochastic characteristics of wind and sun by generating energy when one of those sources is unavailable. Moreover, in many areas, wind and solar energy are mutually exclusive which indicates the necessity of the hybrid system [19]. While designing the hybrid system, the sizing of the individual components that match the demand of the user is determined. In the case of a wind–solar hybrid system, Haddad [20] recommended the following approach. The sizing of the wind turbine should be calculated first, and the remaining demand is filled up with photovoltaics. The calcu- lations are then iteratively repeated with a decreasing number of turbines. As a result,PDF Image | Hybrid Polygeneration System Based on Biomass Wind and Solar Energy
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