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energies Article A Novel Hybrid Polygeneration System Based on Biomass, Wind and Solar Energy for Micro-Scale Isolated Communities RafałFigaj ,MaciejZ ̇oła ̨dek* ,MaksymilianHomaandAnnaPałac Citation:Figaj,R.;Z ̇oła ̨dek,M.; Homa, M.; Pałac, A. A Novel Hybrid Polygeneration System Based on Biomass, Wind and Solar Energy for Micro-Scale Isolated Communities. Energies2022,15,6331. https:// doi.org/10.3390/en15176331 Academic Editor: Wei-Hsin Chen Received: 29 July 2022 Accepted: 27 August 2022 Published: 30 August 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Department of Sustainable Energy Development, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland * Correspondence: mzoladek@agh.edu.pl Abstract: The availability of freshwater and energy is a serious issue in remote and islanded areas, especially at a small scale, where there may not be the possibility to access the grid and/or water distribution systems. In this context, polygeneration systems operating on the basis of local, renewable energy sources can be an answer to the users’ demand for electricity, heating, cooling, and domestic hot water. The scope of the proposed paper was to investigate, numerically, the energy and economic feasibility of a novel hybrid polygeneration system powered by biomass, solar, and wind energy for a micro-district of households. The proposed system consists of a biomass-fueled steam cycle, wind turbine, photovoltaic field coupled with thermal and electrical energy storage, adsorption chiller, and a reverse osmosis water desalination unit. The system is also assisted by an LPG generator set running as backup. The system provides space heating and cooling, electrical energy, and fresh and domestic hot water to 10 households located on Pantelleria Island, Italy. The proposed system is modelled and simulated through TRNSYS software with realistic user demand. The energy and economic performance of the proposed system are assessed with respect to a reference system in different scenarios, taking into account islanded operation, connection to the grid, and biomass tariffs. The results show that the proposed system achieves an excellent primary energy saving performance in all the investigated scenarios, with savings of more than 94% for all the investigated scenarios. Excluding any kind of funding, in case of new investment for the system, the simple payback oscillates between 7 and 12 years, showing that the developed alternative is fairly valid with respect to traditional solutions. Keywords: polygeneration; biomass; wind; solar; reverse osmosis; electrical storage; buildings; domestic hot water; heating; cooling 1. Introduction According to WHO data, even 1 in 3 people globally does not have access to safe drinking water [1]; almost two-thirds of those who lack clean water also lack access to electricity. This opens up a range of potential possibilities to manage those problems in a coordinated manner. The most developed region of the world in the field of freshwater production is the Middle East, with nearly 5% of its total energy consumption used for purposes of desalination plants [2]. As countries in this region are mostly producers of fossil fuels (oil and gas), a relatively cheap operation of thermal desalination plants led to nearly 70% of freshwater production utilizing this method in 2016. However, rising temperatures in the region, as well as economic and population growth, lead to increasing demand for freshwater. In general, the availability of water is also a problem in the Mediterranean region [3], pointing out that the problem is widely diffused in the southern part of Europe. Due to the relatively low efficiency of thermal desalination processes, membrane technologies that use electricity are considered the future main source of freshwater in the region. A transitional period of freshwater production will depend mostly on electricity Energies 2022, 15, 6331. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176331 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energiesPDF Image | Hybrid Polygeneration System Based on Biomass Wind and Solar Energy
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