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Energies 2022, 15, 6331 3 of 33 different configurations of the hybrid renewable energy system are obtained. During the calculation of the power produced by both wind turbines and photovoltaics, multiple factors must be taken into consideration. Geographic location and climate data are used to predict available energy annually [19,21], while local weather forecasting and topography can indicate daily changes [22]. The sizing of the power system is also influenced by the required annual system cost, which is a sum of the capital cost, the replacement cost in case of system breakdowns, and operation and maintenance costs. Another factor is the required reliability and the autonomy of the renewable resource component of the hybrid system. Additionally, in the case of the off-grid hybrid systems, the sizing of the energy storage is also paramount in order to achieve a proper operation of the system [23]. The analysis made by Boonbumroong et al. [24] showed that for Chik Island, Ontario, in Canada, the most economical system consisted of a photovoltaic field, wind turbine, diesel generator, and battery. In the considered case, renewable energy met 55.6% of the energy demand, while the remaining 44.4% was contributed by the diesel generator. The results show that scenarios based on renewables only or diesel only are not profitable. Similarly, Kalantar et al. [25] conducted a techno-economic analysis of a stand-alone hybrid system with a wind turbine, PV array, and lead-acid battery pack using a generic algorithm. The total cost of this hybrid system was USD 215,580. For a smaller scale system, Loganathan et al. [26] proposed a hybrid installation to fulfill 50% of the demand of the average Australian house. In the presented approach, the authors sized the photovoltaic component to cover the power demand in summer (2.8 kW), and then added a wind turbine in order to support the system during the winter period (1 kW). Photovoltaics alone covers 110% of the summer energy demand and 85% of the winter demand, while the wind turbine supplies the remaining 15–20% of the demand in the winter period. (Additionally, a 53.1 kWh battery is used to accommodate the surplus energy generated by photovoltaics in the summer. The incorporation of the wind turbine in the system significantly increased its cost, but it made the system more reliable by having two different sources of power. The authors concluded that over the period of 20 years, the cost of the energy generated by the system is higher than the grid connection. However, they claim that having lower greenhouse gas emissions, lower operating costs, and a reliable power supply is making alternative power sources attractive to the common masses). Hiendro et al. [27] have presented a similar conclusion that the wind turbine and battery are necessary to meet demand loads at night hours in a PV/wind hybrid system, although both contribute the greatest cost to the system. Therefore, it is important to select the best size of the wind turbine and battery in order to minimize the total cost of the PV/wind hybrid system. With different applications in mind, Mokheimer et al. [28] proposed a hybrid en- ergy system composed of 3.3 kW PV panels and 6 kW wind turbines which reduced the energy cost to 0.672 USD/kWh, according to conducted simulation. The system was de- signed to power a desalination plant producing 5 m3/day in a region with scarce water in Saudi Arabia. In the colder climate, Miao et al. [29] concluded that because of abundant wind resources in the United Kingdom, especially in the Newcastle area, wind turbines have an overwhelming contribution to the electricity supply, leading to LCOE equal to 0.588 USD/kWh. Mentis et al. [30] considered the potential of satisfying local water demand by re- newable energy sources on arid islands in the Aegean Sea. The authors considered three different islands—Patmos, Lipsoi, and Thirasia, and analyzed the possibilities of replace- ment of transported water. Presented results show that, depending on the installation size, it is possible to achieve even 4.5 times lower price (from 145 to 260 EUR/m3) of water compared to the case with the transport of water from other regions. Azinheria et al. [31] presented a study considering renewable energy-powered desali- nation. The aim of the study was to determine whether a centralized or a decentralized strategy yields the lowest costs of water desalination. The optimization model presented by the authors led to the conclusion that the lowest levelized cost of water is achieved inPDF Image | Hybrid Polygeneration System Based on Biomass Wind and Solar Energy
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