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Micromachines 2022, 13, 1456 2 of 10 possesses several advantages, the thermal conductivity was in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 W/mK. To overcome this major limitation, a few investigations examined the performance with the encapsulation of second-phase particles, enhancing the overall thermal conductivity of the material. The encapsulation method provided a better enhancement, increasing the thermal conductivity compared with the embedded method as it reduced the heat conduction distances [9–11]. Among the two major configurations of LHTES, the horizontal LHTES showed better performance than the vertical LHTES. Moreover, among several methods to enhance the overall energy available, the change in the construction geometry was one simple way to deal with it [12–14]. Researchers experimented with paraffin PCM on an LHTES with fins and reported that that the extended surfaces had no significant effect on the convective heat transfer. Moreover, a 40% reduction was observed in the solidification time during conduc- tion [15]. A similar investigation on the effect of extended surfaces was also conducted. The results substantiated that the extended surface area provided by eight fins decreased the charging time by 35% [16]. The performance of erythritol PCM was experimented on a concentric tube heat exchanger. The charging and discharging of erythritol in a concentric tube PCM with a longitudinal finned system showed better performance with insignificant sub-cooling during discharge and achieved the best charging [17]. Similarly, alumina nanoparticle-encapsulated paraffin PCM was numerically investi- gated under various loading conditions. The PCM with 8% alumina nanoparticles exhibited better performance in reducing the solidification time, with conduction being the dominant heat transfer mode [18]. The performance of the TES system was examined using paraffin- infused copper foam. The PCM charging rate was influenced by the inlet temperature and mass flow of the heat transfer fluid (HTF). In the presence of the copper foam in the paraffin, the PCM’s thermal conductivity was increased, and consequently, its heat transfer rate was increased [19]. Researchers investigated different types of coolants, such as PCM and nanofluid zinc oxide/water. The results showed that the PV systems’ temperature de- creased by approximately 10 ◦C, whereas the PVT/nanofluid/PCM systems’ temperature decreased by approximately 16 ◦C [20]. Thermal energy can be stored most effectively with paraffin. Experimental investiga- tions on paraffin–nano-magnetite composites indicate an increase in thermal conductivity by 48% and 67%, corresponding to 10% and 20% nano-magnetite particles in the paraffin matrix, respectively [15]. The incorporation of aluminum foils with the paraffin PCM marginally improved the conductivity by 0.63 W/mK. Moreover, the aluminum foam with paraffin showed better discharging results, making them a promising material to be incorporated in a Li-ion battery system [21]. Steatite, often known as soapstone, is a magnesium-rich metamorphic rock comprised primarily of the mineral talc. Steatite is a chemical compound with the formula MgSiO3. In addition, steatite is a prominent material for making operational products across the world, such as paints, ceramics, cooking pots, woodstoves, electrical panels, kitchen surfaces, and molds for metal casting, because of its economic relevance [22,23]. Based on the broad literature survey, this research aims to fabricate a PCM/steatite composite and study the effect of the cyclic load on the paraffin PCM encapsulated with and without ball-milled steatite on a horizontal LHTES system. The thermal stability of steatite is excellent (usually greater than 1000 ◦C), and the present experimental investigation is mainly focused on the thermal characteristics study of the composites. The effects of steatite (milled and not milled) on the microstructure PCM composites were examined. All characterization investigations were performed to reveal the successful incorporation of PCM/steatite composite and its properties. To the best of our knowledge, PCM/steatite composites have not been fabricated, and information about their thermal characteristics is limited.PDF Image | Heat Charging–Discharging Periods of Paraffin Wax
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