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micromachines Article Effect of Ball-Milled Steatite Powder on the Latent Heat Energy Storage Properties and Heat Charging–Discharging Periods of Paraffin Wax as Phase Change Material Sathiyalingam Kannaiyan 1,*,† 1 2 3 * † , Song-Jeng Huang 1,† , David Rathnaraj 2 and S.A. Srinivasan 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Section 4, Keelung Rd, Da’an District, Taipei 10607, Taiwan Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore 641022, India High Energy Batteries India Limited, Mathur 622515, India Correspondence: sathiaerospace@gmail.com These authors contributed equally to this work. Citation: Kannaiyan, S.; Huang, S.-J.; Rathnaraj, D.; Srinivasan, S.A. Effect of Ball-Milled Steatite Powder on the Latent Heat Energy Storage Properties and Heat Charging–Discharging Periods of Paraffin Wax as Phase Change Material. Micromachines 2022, 13, 1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ mi13091456 Academic Editors: Yongteng Qian, Viyada Harnchana, Hui Mao and Wen He Received: 22 July 2022 Accepted: 28 August 2022 Published: 2 September 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Abstract: Phase change materials (PCMs) serve as an advantage in thermal energy storage systems utilizing the available sensible and latent heat. The PCMs absorb the thermal energy during the charging process and release it into the environment during the discharging process. Steatite is low cost and eco-friendly, with a thermal stability up to 1000 ◦C, and it is abundantly available in nature. This study investigates the steatite–paraffin wax-based PCM and the effect on the cyclic loads using a horizontal triplex-tube latent heat energy storage system. The thermal conductivity value of the milled steatite-based PCM composite was 7.7% higher than pure PCM. The PCM with the ball-milled steatite-fabricated composite exhibited better discharging characteristics, increasing the discharge time by 50% more than that of the pure paraffin wax. Moreover, the milled steatite-based PCM outperformed that incorporated with non-milled steatite with paraffin. Keywords: phase change material (PCMs); thermal storage system; steatite powder; energy material; solar energy; energy storage 1. Introduction Energy demand is increasing exponentially every year due to the increase in glob- alization. The exploration of alternative energy sources is necessary. In order to achieve long-term sustainability, an appropriate quantity of energy resources must be accessible at an affordable rate and able to be used for all essential activities without negatively influencing society as per SDG goal 7 [1]. Solar energy sources are typically thought to be sustainable, since they are renewable; therefore, they can be used for many years. Although the energy available from these resources is abundant, their delivery is not consistent throughout the day or year [2,3]. This has paved the way for the development of thermal energy storage (TES) systems, which charge when power is available and discharge during its non-availability. Early research explorations in TES provided substantial supporting results. That is, the performance of the latent heat thermal energy systems (LHTES) was enhanced compared with that of the sensible heat thermal energy systems (SHTES). The reason is that LHTES has a higher capability to utilize the latent heat, a high enthalpy change during the phase change process, and compactness [4–6] Phase change materials (PCMs) serve as a boon to the LHTES, which utilize the energy available to attain the phase change and store and release it during the non-availability of energy [7,8]. Among several PCMs available, organic-based PCMs are preferred because of their widespread availability, chemically stable characteristics, and non-corrosive nature. Paraffin wax is one of the organic PCMs explored for its energy storage capability in past recent decade. It melts congruently with little supercooling. Although organic paraffin PCM Micromachines 2022, 13, 1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13091456 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/micromachinesPDF Image | Heat Charging–Discharging Periods of Paraffin Wax
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