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Sustainability 2018, 10, 191 22 of 32 for use as the storage fluid. The storage fluid from the low-temperature tank flows through an extra heat exchanger, where it is heated by the high-temperature heat-transfer fluid. The high-temperature storage fluid then flows back to the high-temperature storage tank. The fluid exits this heat exchanger atSausltoaiwnabtielimty2p0e18r,a1t0u,r1e91andreturnstothesolarcollectororreceiver,whereitisheatedbackto22aofh3i2gh temperature. Storage fluid from the high-temperature tank is used to generate steam in the same Figure 15 shows a two-tank thermal energy storage system integrated into a parabolic trough manner as the two-tank direct system. Figure 15 shows a two-tank thermal energy storage system power plant [80]. integrated into a parabolic trough power plant [80]. Figure 15. Schematic of a parabolic trough power plant with two-tank molten salt storage [80]. Figure 15. Schematic of a parabolic trough power plant with two-tank molten salt storage [80]. Single-tank systems, mostly thermocline systems, store thermal energy in a solid medium, moSsitncgolem-tmanoknlsyystileimcas,samnods,tliyntahesrimngoleclitnaenks.ysAtetmans,ystoimreethdeurminagleonpergatyioin,athsoelitdopmpedaritumof,tmheost comemdoiunmlysisiliactashaignhd,tienmapseirnagtuleret,anakn.dAtthaenbyotitmomedpuarritngisopaterlaotwiont,etmhepetroaptuprae.rtTohfethheomt-eadniudm is caotlhdi-gtehmtpeemrapteuraeturree,gaionndsthearbeottsoempapratretdis abtylowa temtempepreartautruer.eThgerahdoite-natndocroldt-htermpoecrlianteu.re regHioignhs-taermespepratruartedhbeayt-atrtaenmsfpeerrfaltuirdefglorawdsieintoorthtehetormpocflitnhe.tHheigrmh-otcelminpeearantdureexihtseatth-etrbanotstfoemrflautid low temperature. This process moves the thermocline downward and adds thermal energy to the flows into the top of the thermocline and exits the bottom at low temperature. This process moves the system for storage. Reversing the flow moves the thermocline upward and removes thermal energy thermocline downward and adds thermal energy to the system for storage. Reversing the flow moves from the system to generate steam. Buoyancy effects create thermal stratification of the fluid within the thermocline upward and removes thermal energy from the system to generate steam. Buoyancy the tank, which helps to stabilize and maintain the thermocline. Using a solid storage medium and effects create thermal stratification of the fluid within the tank, which helps to stabilize and maintain only needing one tank reduces the cost of this system relative to the two-tank systems. This system the thermocline. Using a solid storage medium and only needing one tank reduces the cost of this was demonstrated at the Solar One central receiver CSP system in California, where steam was system relative to the two-tank systems. This system was demonstrated at the Solar One central used as the heat-transfer fluid and mineral oil was used as the storage fluid. receiver CSP system in California, where steam was used as the heat-transfer fluid and mineral oil was used as the storage fluid. 5. Chemical Energy Storage 5. Chemical Energy Storage TCS uses thermo-chemical materials (TCM), which store and release heat by a reversible endothermic/exothermic reaction process (Figure 2c). During the charging process, heat is applied TCS uses thermo-chemical materials (TCM), which store and release heat by a reversible to the material A, resulting in a separation of two parts B + C. The resulting reaction products can endothermic/exothermic reaction process (Figure 2c). During the charging process, heat is applied be easily separated and stored until the discharge process is required. Then, the two parts B + C are to the material A, resulting in a separation of two parts B + C. The resulting reaction products can mixed at suitable pressure and temperature conditions, and energy is released. be easily separated and stored until the discharge process is required. Then, the two parts B + C are The products B and C can be stored separately, and thermal losses from the storage units are mixed at suitable pressure and temperature conditions, and energy is released. restricted to sensible heat effects, which are usually small compared to those of the heat of reaction. Thermal decomposition of metal oxides for energy storage has been considered [81]. These reactions may have an advantage in that the oxygen evolved can be used for other purposes or discarded and that oxygen from the atmosphere can be used in the reverse reactions. Two examples include the decomposition of potassium oxidePDF Image | Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage
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