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The propeller must have many blades to develop a high starting torque, which is needed to start the piston pump. Generally, windmills begin working when the wind speeds exceed 7 mph. Solar power Solar energy is used mainly for pump- ing water for livestock or for home use. It is seldom used for irrigation because of the amount of water needed for crops. However, solar pumps are eco- nomically feasible for irrigation that uses very low heads or has very low lift- ing requirements, such as drip irriga- tion, which uses less water than other types. Solar pumps work by converting solar radiation into electricity through the use of photocells made of silicon, usually called photovoltaic cells. The photovolta- ic cells are enclosed in a glass frame, which makes up the solar module. Sometimes an array of solar modules is needed to produce enough energy for the pump. The modules are mounted on a frame in an assembly called a photo- voltaic (PV) array. The PV array is con- nected to a controller and then with an electrical power cable to the motor/pump subsystem in a well (Fig. 2). Submersible pumps usually use a direct current (DC) motor. Motors that use alternate current (AC) must have a DC-to-AC inverter. DC motors are rec- ommended because using an inverter costs more, and power is lost in the DC- to-AC conversion. The most common DC motors work at a nominal voltage of 24, 36 and 48 volts, which can perform at 32, 42, and 64 volts. A problem with DC motors in the past has been that they needed car- bon brushes, which wore out and need- ed regular replacement. New, mainte- nance-free DC motors have recently been developed that use an electronic circuitry to perform the same function as the brushes. Today, most submersible pumps use brushless DC motors or AC motors with an inverter. Figure 1. An American farm and ranch windmill. 2PDF Image | Using Renewable Energy to Pump Water
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