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Pumping Water for Irrigation Using Solar Energy Page 2 A photovoltaic cell is analyzed by its open circuit voltage and short circuit current capabilities (Figure To increase voltage output, photovoltaic cells are wired in series; to increase amperage output, photovoltaic cells are wired in parallel. A photovoltaic module is a combination of photovoltaic cells wired together in series and parallel with the purpose of generating a specific current and voltage at a given level of irradiance. A photovoltaic array is composed of two or more photovoltaic modules. The maximum power point is the point on a given photovoltaic I-V graph which gives the highest amperage and voltage product at a given level of irradiance (Figure 2b). This is the desired point of operation for a photovoltaic array. The direct current (DC) power received by an electrical load from a photovoltaic array is mainly controlled by two parameters3: the solar irradiance available to the module, and the current-and-voltage demand of the load. The voltage production of a photovoltaic cell remains practically constant under all levels of irradiance, but the current produced is directly proportional to the level of irradiance available at any given point in time. Since the power produced by a photovoltaic cell is the product of the current and voltage being produced at any given time, photovoltaic power is directly proportional to the level of irradiance available at any given time (Figure 2c). The current-and-voltage components of a DC electrical load form a straight line on an I-V graph, after the initial start-up power surge, which rises at a constant current-to-voltage ratio (Figure 3a). In comparison, the representative I-V graph of a photovoltaic power supply shows a constant amperage while the voltage increases until the amperage falls sharply to zero at the open circuit voltage. If a photovoltaic array is designed to produce 24 volts but the load only requires 12 volts, the load will only draw from the photovoltaic array the power which corresponds to 12 volts on the I-V curve even though the photovoltaic array is able to produce more power. Figure 3a shows an electric load line and a photovoltaic power supply line which are not properly matched. In addition to the difference in I-V curve formation between an electric load and a photovoltaic electric supply, there is a continual variation in the amperage level of the photovoltaic power supply due to changes in the level of irradiance available throughout the day. Amperage fluctuations continually change the location of the maximum power point on the I-V graph and Figure 1. Silicon lattice schematic with 4 valence electrons (top); with boron impurities (center); with phosphorous impurity, the extra electron gives a negative charge (bottom) 2a). Open circuit voltage is the voltage output from a photovoltaic cell when no current is flowing through the circuit. It is the maximum possible voltage that a photovoltaic cell can produce in sunlight. Short circuit current is the current flowing freely from a photovoltaic cell through an external circuit that has no load or resistance. It is the maximum possible current that the photovoltaic cell can produce at a given level of irradiance2 (Florida Solar Energy Center, 1988).PDF Image | Pumping Water for Irrigation Using Solar Energy
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