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Pumping Water for Irrigation Using Solar Energy Page 3 Figure 2. Amperage-voltage (I-V) curve for photovoltaic module (top); I-V curve showing maximum power point (center); I-V curve showing various levels of solar irradiance (bottom). hinder the matching of the maximum power points of a photovoltaic module to points along the straight load line of the DC electric load (Figure 3b). Care must be taken when designing a photovoltaic system to match the I-V load curve and maximum power points over the widest possible range to create a system with high overall efficiency. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION A photovoltaic array comprised of two units of three modules each was used to power the water pumping system used in this demonstration (Figure 3c). The six photovoltaic modules had a photon responsive surface area of 3.17 m2. The three modules of each unit were connected end-to-end and reflectors, constructed from sheet metal and aluminum foil tape, were attached to the two long sides of each unit. The reflectors doubled the area of the array structure normal to the sun and increased the short circuit amperage of the units up to 33 percent overall. The photovoltaic array was attached to a one-axis tracking mechanism. This system enabled the array to remain essentially normal to the sun throughout the day so that the photovoltaic modules were able to utilize a larger portion of the available sunlight. The tracking mechanism was powered and controlled by two, small photovoltaic modules which functioned independently from the six primary modules (Dinh, 1988). Photovoltaic cells have minimal current resistance when exposed to light, but when they are shaded, all current flow through them is blocked. The tracking- control photovoltaic modules on the photovoltaic system used in this demonstration were placed on the east and west sides of the array. When both tracking modules were in equal sunlight, the electricity produced by them flowed between the two modules and the array remained stationary. When one of the modules was shaded, the electricity produced by the module remaining in sunlight flowed to the tracking motor which turned the array until both tracking modules were again in equal sunlight (Figure 4a). To match the maximum power points of the photovoltaic array with the I-V load line of the DC electric motor, the photovoltaic system used in this demonstration included an electronic array reconfiguration controller (EARC) (Salameh et al., 1989). An EARC is an electronically controlled circuit which monitors the amperage being generated by a module and connects the modules in series or parallel to match the maximum power points of a photovoltaic system to the I-V curve of the connected load over the widest possible range. To describe thePDF Image | Pumping Water for Irrigation Using Solar Energy
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