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Fact Sheet EES-63 November 1991 Pumping Water for Irrigation Using Solar Energy1 H.J. Helikson, D.Z. Haman and C.D. Baird2 This publication discusses photovoltaic technology and the cost of photovoltaic power for water pumping. The information presented includes: an overview of how electricity is generated from solar radiation using photovoltaic cells, a description of a demonstrational photovoltaic powered water pumping system, and a discussion of the present day price of such a system and the potential future effects of current trends which continue to decrease the cost of photovoltaic power. FROM SUNSHINE TO ELECTRICAL CURRENT Photovoltaic cells are able to turn the energy in solar radiation into electricity due to an energy transfer that occurs at the sub-atomic level. Solar energy comes in small packages called photons. These photons hit the outer level electrons in the photovoltaic cells like the flappers hit the metal ball in the pin ball machine. The dislocated electrons form the electrical current. Silicon is one of the elements used as a base material for the production of photovoltaic cells. A silicon atom has four valence electrons which are shared with adjacent silicon atoms in covalent bonding (Figure 1a). To produce the positive-charged side of a photovoltaic cell, boron atoms which have only three valence electrons are introduced into the lattice structure of pure silicon. The boron atoms occupy a lattice position within the silicon structure, and a positive-charged hole forms in place of the missing fourth electron (Figure 1b). Silicon material with boron impurities is called a positive or p-type semiconductor. To produce the negative-charged side of a photovoltaic cell, phosphorus atoms which have five valence electrons are introduced into the pure silicon structure. The phosphorus atoms occupy a lattice position within the silicon structure and form a negative or n-type semiconductor (Figure 1c). Photovoltaic cells are made by putting a layer of n- type and a layer of p-type semiconductor material together. When the photons in solar radiation strike a photovoltaic cell, the kinetic energy of the photons is transferred to the valence level of electrons. The freed electrons and positive-charged holes attract each other and create positive-negative pairs. The formation of these pairs creates electricity (Garg, 1987). 1. This document is Fact Sheet EES-63, a series of the Florida Energy Extension Service, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date: November 1991. 2. H.J. Helikson, Former Agricultural Energy Specialist; D.Z. Haman, Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering Dept.; C.D. Baird, Professor, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611. The Florida Energy Extension Service receives funding from the Florida Energy Office, Department of Community Affairs and is operated by the University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences through the Cooperative Extension Service. The information contained herein is the product of the Florida Energy Extension Service and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Florida Energy Office. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function without regard to race, color, sex, age, handicap, or national origin. For information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension Service office. Florida Cooperative Extension Service / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences / University of Florida / Christine Taylor Stephens, DeanPDF Image | Pumping Water for Irrigation Using Solar Energy
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