PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 002
Georgsson and Fridleifsson 2 Geothermal energy in the world 1. INTRODUCTION Amongst the top priorities for the majority of the world ́s population is access to sufficient affordable energy. There is a very limited equity in the energy use in the different parts of the world. Some 70% of the world ́s population lives at per capita energy consumption level below one-quarter of that of W- Europe, and one-sixth of that of the USA (WEC, 1993). Two billion people, a third of the world ́s population, have no access to modern energy services. A key issue to improve the standard of living of the poor is to make clean energy available to them at prices they can cope with. World population is expected to double by the end of the 21st century. To provide sufficient commercial energy (not to mention clean energy) to the people of all continents is an enormous task. The renewable energy sources are expected to provide 20-40% of the primary energy in 2050. The technical potential of renewable energy sources is estimated 7600 EJ/year, and thus certainly sufficiently large to meet future world energy requirements. The question is how large a part of the technical potential can be harnessed in an economical, environmentally and socially acceptable way. The main growth in energy use will be in the developing countries. It is thus very important to support developing countries with fast expanding energy markets, such as China and India, to try as possible to meet their growing energy demands by developing their renewable energy resources. In some countries in e.g. Central America and the East African Rift Valley, the majority of the grid connected electricity is already provided by hydro and geothermal energy. It is very important to assist them in developing their renewable energy resources further so they do not need to meet the fast growing energy demands by fossil fuels. Geothermal energy is foreseen to play an important role in an energy future where the emphasis is no longer on fossil fuels, but on energy resources that are at least semi-renewable and long-term environmentally acceptable, especially with regard to emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. For developing countries which are endowed with good geothermal resources, it is a reliable local energy source that can be used to replace energy production based on imported (usually) fossil fuels. The technology is proven and cost-effective. For developing countries that have good resources and have acquired the necessary local expertise it has become very important. A good example of this is Kenya, as well as the Philippines, El Salvador and Costa Rica, where geothermal energy has become one of the important energy sources providing for 10-20% of the electricity production. Iceland should also be mentioned as the only country where geothermal energy supplies more than 60% of the primary energy used. This is done through direct use for space heating, bathing, etc., and through production of electricity. Geothermal systems can be classified into a few different types, but with reference to variable geological conditions each one is in principle unique, so that good knowledge is needed through exploration. Furthermore, development of a geothermal system for electrical production is a capital intensive undertaking, and thus requires financial strength, or at least access to good financing. Thus, for developing geothermal resources, good training and expertise are needed for the exploration and development work, and strong financial backup for the project. Here, the role of geothermal energy in the world’s energy mix is presented with some emphasis on Latin America and the eastern Caribbean region. Finally, the United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme (UNU-GTP) is introduced, and its capacity building operations, also with some emphasis on Latin America. 2. WORLD ENERGY SOURCES The scarcity of energy resources forecasted in the 1970s did not occur. With technological and economic development, estimates of the ultimately available energy resource base continue toPDF Image | GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME LaGeo
PDF Search Title:
GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME LaGeoOriginal File Name Searched:
UNU_GTP_SC_14_01.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |