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Geothermal energy in the world 3 Georgsson and Fridleifsson increase. Economic development over the next century will apparently not be constrained by geologi- cal resources. Environmental concerns, financing, and technological constrains appear more likely sources of future limits (Fridleifsson, 2002). In all scenarios of the World Energy Council (WEC), the peak of the fossil fuel era has already passed (Nakicenovic et al., 1998). Oil and gas are expected to continue to be important sources of energy in all cases, but the role of renewable energy sources and nuclear energy vary highly in different scenarios and the level to which these energy sources can be expected to replace coal. In all the scenarios, the renewables are though expected to become very significant contributors to the world primary energy consumption, providing at least 20% of the primary energy in 2050 and 30% in 2100. They are expected to cover a large part of the increase in the energy consumption and to replace coal. It is a very legitimate question to ask whether these scenarios are realistic. Table 1 shows the technical potential of renewable energy resources (WEA, 2000). There is no question that the technical potential of the renewables is sufficiently large to meet future world energy requirements. The question is, however, how large a part of the technical potential can be harnessed in an economical, environmentally and socially acceptable way. This will probably vary between the energy sources. It is worth noting, however, that the present annual consumption of primary energy in the world is more than 400 EJ (Table 2). TABLE 1: Technical potential of renewable energy sources Source: World Energy Assessment (WEA, 2000) EJ per year Hydropower 50 Biomass 276 Solar energy Wind energy 640 Geothermal energy TOTAL 1,575 5,000 Table 2 shows the world primary energy consumption in 2001 (WEA, 2004). Fossil fuels provide 80% of the total, with oil (35%) in first place, followed by coal (23%) and natural gas (22%). The renewables collectively provide 14% of the primary energy, mostly in the form of traditional biomass (9%) and much less by large (>10MW) hydropower stations (2%) and the “new renewables” (2%). Nuclear energy provides 7% of the world primary energy. TABLE 2: World primary energy consumption in 2001 Source: World Energy Assessment (WEA, 2004) 7,600 Energy Source Oil Natural gas Coal Renewables Large hydro (>10 MW) Traditional biomass “New renewables” (biomass, geothermal,solar, small hydro (<10MW), tidal, wind) Nuclear Total Primary energy Percentage EJ % 332 79.4 147 35.1 91 21.7 94 22.6 57 13.7 9 2.3 39 9.3 9 2.2 29 6.9 418 100 Fossil fuelsPDF Image | GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME LaGeo
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