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3,591,506 34 ?uorocyclopentaue. pet?uorohcxune, and pertluorocyclo hexane. tert.-amyl, n-hexyl, l-methylamyl, l-ethylbutyl, 1,2,2-tri methylpropyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, 2 - methylamyl, l,l - dimethylbutyl, 1 - ethyl - 2 - methyl propyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, isohexyl, 3-methylamyl, 1,2 dimethylbutyl,1,Z-dimethyl-l-ethylpropyl,1,1,2-trimethyl butyl, l-isopropyl - 2 - methylpropyl, l-rnethyl-Z-ethyl butyl, l,l—diethylpropyl, 2 - methylhexyl, 1~isopropyl butyl, l-ethyl-3-methylbutyl, 1,4-dimethylamyl, isoheptyl, l-ethyl-Z-methylbutyl, n-octyl, l-methylheptyl, 1,1-diethyl The above examples are non-limiting and materials described by the boiling point and carbon limitation set forth before are effective. As noted. in many applica tions, those materials containing hydrogen are suitable; however, in those applications Where ?ame resistance is critical, the preferred materials are the per?uorocarbons and the per?uorocarbons substituted only by other halo gens.Itwillbenoted,however,thatingeneralthehy 10 Z-methylpropyl,l,l-diethylbutyl,1,1-dimethylhexyl,l drogen containing halocarbons are relatively ?ame resist ant and since only sinor amounts are employed, no great problem of ?ammability arises. The preferred material, because of ?ame resistance and damage inhibiting properties and commercial availability, isdichlorodi?uoromethane. The amount of cavitation-erosion preventing additive which must be added to each functional ?uid in order to effectively prevent cavitation damage depends upon the nature of the particular additive employed as well as that of the functional ?uid. The propensity of various ?uids for promoting cavitation damage varies greatly with the character of the ?uid. For example, mineral oil based materials are generally quite low in promoting cavitation damage while phosphate ester based materials have been found to be quite high in their cavitation damage pro ducing characteristics. Thus, the amount of additive in a phosphate ester will generally be signi?cantly higher than in a mineral oil. Additionally, a limiting factor in the amount of material that may be introduced results from the solubility of the various additives in the various base materials. In general, amounts of from 0.1 to 10 weight percent of the additive are suf?cient to prevent cavitation damage in most ?uids. methyl-l-ethylamyl, 2—ethylhexyl, 6-methylheptyl, n nonyl, l-methyloctyl, l-ethylheptyl, 1,l-dimethylheptyl, 1,l-diethyl-3-methylbutyl, diisobutylmethyl, 3,5-dimethyl heptyl, n-decyl, l-propylheptyl, 1,1-dipropylbutyl, 2-iso propyl-S-methylhexyl, undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n— tetradecyl, n-hexadecyl, etc. Substituted alkyl groups may also be employed. Thus the alkyl materials may be substituted with halogens, especially chlorine and ?uorine, and with alkoxy groups, etc. Examples of the substituted alkyl groups include bu toxyethyl, benzoxyethyl, 2-chloroethyl, 2-?uoroethy1, etc. Examples of suitable aryl radicals which may be used in the triaryl and mixed alkyl-aryl phosphates include phenyl,xylyl,cresylandhalogenatedphenyl.A common ly used halogenated aryl material is orthochlorophenyl. In addition to the oxy esters of phosphoric acid, amides and thioesters may be employed. The dibasic acid esters which are used as functional ?uids, esters derived from sebacic, adipic. and azelaic acids are most commonly used. Suberic, hydroxysuccinic, fumaric, maleic, etc. are sometimes used. The alcohols employed are usually long chain materials such as octyl, decyl, dodecyl, and various oxo alcohols. Short chain alcohols such as butyl, amyl, hexyl, etc. may also be employed. Aromatic alcohols Theadditivesareaddedbymixingthosewhichare; suchasbenzylandsubstitutedbenzylalcoholsmayalso liquid at ambient temperature with the fluid, or, in the case of those which are normally gaseous, by passing the gas through the ?uid until the ?uid is wholly saturated, or is partially saturated to a degree necessary to control cavitation damage. During operation of the particular system which is protected by the particular additives, the level of addi tive necessary to protect the system may be maintained, ifnecessary,byadditionofeitherliquidorgaseousaddi tives. be used. The silicones which are employed as functional ?uids may be represented by the following formula: where the R‘s may be the same or different organic groups.Itmay representasmalldigitoraverylarge number. Thus, within the scope of the invention is the method of preventing cavitation damage to a hydraulic system or hydraulic ?uid by means of maintaining in the ?uid a sufficient concentration of the halocarbon to inhibit the damage. The additive may be added incrementally as L) methyl, phenylmethyl, phenyl, chlorophenyl, tri?uoro necessary or may be continuously added by means of a metering device, etc. The functional ?uids in which the additives of this invention are employed include a wide variety of base materials including esters and amides of phosphorus acids, mineral oils, synthetic hydrocarbon oils, silicates, ' silicones, monoesters, dicarboxylic acid esters, chlorinated vbiphenyls. esters of polyhydric materials, aromatic ethers. thioethers. etc. The most common phosphorus acid esters which are used are the triesters of orthophosphoric acid. The three classes of materials are trialkyl phosphates, triaryl phos phates, and mixed alkyl-aryl phosphates. The esters may be represented by the following formula: 0 R, oar o R; (J lt. wherein R1, R2 and R3 are alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, orsubstitutedalkylgroups. Alkyl groups which may be employed include methyl, ethyl,propyl,isopropyl,n-butyl.isobutyl,sec.'butyl,tert. butyl, n-amyl, isoamyl, Z-methylbutyl, 2,2-dimethyl» propyl, l-methylbutvl, diethylmethyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, propyl methyl, etc. The siloxanes are available in vari ous lengths from dimers, trimers, etc. to low, medium and high polymers. Thus in the case of dimethyl poly siloxanes, the materials have a molecular weight of from 162 to 148,000. Silicate esters are also employed as functional ?uids. The materials called orthosilicate esters can be con sidered to be the reaction product of silicic acid, Si(OH)4 and an alcohol or phenol. The structural formula may be represented as follows: Oe-R»; where R1, R2, R3 and R4 are organic groups. Similar to the phosphate esters previously discussed, the materials may generally be classi?ed as tetraalkyl, tetraaryl and mixed alkyl-aryl orthosilicates. The organic groups may be substituted by chloro, nitro, ?uoro, alkoxy, and thio alkoxy, etc., groups. Related materials which are available are called “dimersilicates” and may be named hexaalltoxy or hexa aryloxy disiloxanes. Typical orthosilicates include tetra tZ-ethylbutyl), tetra(2-penty1), tert.-butyl tri(2-ethyl hexyl), tert.-butyl tri(2-octyl), ter‘t.-butyl tri(5-ethyl-2 The most important commercial materials are the di methyl silicone ?uids, however, other ?uids are available with alkyl, substiuted alkyl, aryl and substituted aryl groups. Examples of other available substituents are diPDF Image | FUNCTIONAL FLUIDS CONTAINING HALOCARBONS CAVITATION
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