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The Use of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technology in Food Processing R.S. Mohamed and G.A. Mansoori Featured Article - Food Technology Magazine, June 2002 The World Markets Research Centre, London, UK Extraction with supercritical fluids is also a unit operation that could be employed for a variety of applications including the extraction and fractionation of edible fats and oils, purification of solid matrices, separation of tocopherols and other antioxidants, clean-up of herb medicines and food products from pesticides, detoxification of shellfish and concentration of fermentation broth, fruit juices, among others (Eggers et al., 2000; Lang and Wai, 2001, Gonzalez et al., 2002, Ibanez et al, 2000). Supercritical fluid extraction has proved effective in the separation of essential oils and its derivatives for use in the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and other related industries, producing high-quality essential oils with commercially more satisfactory compositions (lower monoterpenes) than obtained with conventional hydro-distillation (Ehlers et al., 2001; Diaz-Maroto et al., 2002; Ozer et al., 1996). Alkaloids, organic compounds with bitter taste and toxic effects on animals and humans, but present therapeutic effects when applied in moderate doses, are found in many natural plants. Alkaloids such as caffeine, morphine, emetine, pilocarpine, among others, are the active components in a variety of stimulants and medicinal products and their recovery from natural plants is of great interest to the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Supercritical Carbon dioxide proved to be highly selective for caffeine prompting its use as the selected solvent in the commercial decaffeination of coffee and black tea. Recent investigations have demonstrated the potential exploration of solvent and anti-solvent properties of carbon dioxide in the recovery of alkaloids such as theophylline, theobromine and pilocarpine, among others (Saldaña et al., 2002a, Saldaña et al., 2000; Saldaña et al., in press). The association of high blood cholesterol levels with heart diseases or cancer is the motivating factor in recent works on the reduction of cholesterol levels in consumed meals that include meats, dairy products and eggs. Several methods including supercritical extraction have been proposed for the reduction of fat and cholesterol content in dairy products (Greenwald, 1991). Cholesterol was shown to be soluble in supercritical carbon dioxide and even more soluble in supercritical ethane. Extraction with supercritical fluids requires higher investment but can be highly selective and more suitable for food products. A summary of the main products containing cholesterol and their extraction with supercritical fluids is presented in Table 2. These results clearly indicate the great potential of supercritical fluid extraction in the recovery of meat products with acceptable cholesterol and fat contents. As ethane is much more expensive than CO2, the use of CO2/ethane and CO2/propane mixtures can be an attractive alternative for the removal of cholesterol from foods due to the compromise between higher ethane cost and better cholesterol removal efficiency. Cholesterol removal was also improved through the coupling of carbon dioxide extraction with an adsorption process operating at the same extraction conditions. Literature data also point to potential fractionation of fat simultaneously with the removal ofPDF Image | The Use of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technology in Food Processing
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