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The Use of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technology in Food Processing R.S. Mohamed and G.A. Mansoori Featured Article - Food Technology Magazine, June 2002 The World Markets Research Centre, London, UK There is an increasing public awareness of the health, environment and safety hazards associated with the use of organic solvents in food processing and the possible solvent contamination of the final products. The high cost of organic solvents and the increasingly stringent environmental regulations together with the new requirements of the medical and food industries for ultra-pure and high added value products have pointed out the need for the development of new and clean technologies for the processing of food products. Supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide as a solvent has provided an excellent alternative to the use of chemical solvents. Over the past three decades, supercritical CO2 has been used for the extraction and isolation of valuable compounds from natural products (Mansoori et al 1988, Martinelli et al 1991, del Valle and Aguilera 1999, Hartono et al 2001). Supercritical CO2 was found to be selective in the separation of desired compounds without leaving toxic residues in extracts and without the risk of thermal degradation of processed products. Through the exploitation of the solvating power acquired by fluids near their critical points and the sensitivity of this power to small perturbations in temperature, pressure and modification of the solvent with the addition of entrainers, solvent-free extracts were readily obtained due principally to the high volatility of these solvents at ambient conditions. The favorable transport properties of fluids near their critical points also allows deeper penetration into solid plant matrix and more efficient and faster extraction than with conventional organic solvents. For the past three decades, the commercial application of supercritical fluid technology remained restricted to few products due to high investment costs and for being new and unfamiliar operation. With advances in process, equipment and product design and realization of the potentially profitable opportunities in the production of high added value products, industries are becoming more and more interested in supercritical fluid technology (Sihvonen, et al., 1999). The extraction is carried out in high-pressure equipment in batch (Figure 1) or continuous manner (Figure 2). In both cases, the supercritical solvent is put in contact with the material from which a desirable product is to be separated. The supercritical solvent, now saturated with the extracted product, is expanded to atmospheric conditions and the solubilized product is recovered in the separation vessel permiting the recycle of the supercritical solvent for further use. Table 1 presents some of the existing commercial applications put in operation over the past few years. Supercritical fluid technology is now recognized as an effective analytical technique with favorable and comparable efficiencies to existing chemical analysis methods and when applied for the qualitative and quantitative identification of constituents of naturally occurring products and heat-labile compounds (Dionisi et al., 1999; Ibanez et al., 2000; de Castro and Jimenez-Carmona, 2000; Moret and Conte, 2000). In addition, the reduction of liquid solvent waste and the substitution of some undesirable organic substances is another advantage of supercritical fluid analytical techniques.PDF Image | The Use of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technology in Food Processing
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