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• Coordinating with the CSP industry to identify barriers to building plants • Working with the DOE and CSP industry to address technical barriers to CSP deployment. At an international level, the Royal Decree in Spain is providing incentives for 200 MW (rumored to increase to 500 MW) of CSP trough and tower technologies. Israel is supporting the development of 500 MW of trough plants. U.S. companies are involved in these international CSP projects, and their competitive position is strengthened by the state activities noted above. In addition, U.S. and German solar industries have developed a CSP Global Market Initiative (GMI) with the goal of deploying 5,000 MW of CSP power by 2010. The GMI was formally launched at the International Conference for Renewable Energies in Bonn, Germany, in 2004 and has been supported by ministers from eight countries.1 The DOE CSP Program participates in the International Energy Agency’s Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems Working Agreement (IEA SolarPACES). SolarPACES is an international organization that brings together teams of experts from around the world to focus on the technology development and marketing of CSP systems. Activities include sharing of information on technology and market development in the participating countries, large-scale system testing, and development of advanced technologies, components, instrumentation, and systems-analysis techniques. Over the next 5 years, the installation of hundreds of new megawatts of CSP is likely, based on the plans to install a 65-MW trough plant in Nevada and the announcements by Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric of plans to install from 800 to 1750 MW of dish/Stirling technology in California. It is entirely possible that 1,000 MW of installed CSP potential will be achieved in the next 5 years. 3.2.2 CSP Subprogram History / Background Starting with R&D during the mid-1970s, DOE-sponsored research transitioned CSP from the concept stage to operating central-station power plants by the early 1980s. During the late 1970s, the Central Receiver Test Facility was built at Sandia in Albuquerque, NM, establishing the feasibility of the concept and providing the impetus for the 10-MW Solar One demonstration project in Barstow, CA. Although several trough industrial process-heat projects and the Shenandoah, GA, dish project were completed in the same time frame, Solar One was the major CSP program activity through the early to mid-1980s. The cost of power from Solar One, an experiment that was far too small to achieve an economy of scale, was estimated to be about $28,000/kW, or nearly $2.00/kWh (2004 $). The cost of a commercial-scale power tower today is estimated at about $7,200/kW, or $0.16/kWh, demonstrating the decrease in the cost experienced by all CSP technologies. Solar reflectors and their support/tracking structure comprise almost 50% of the cost of CSP power plants. Heliostats, troughs, and dishes all operated very well, but their costs were still too high. Consequently, during the late 1980s and early 1990s, a considerable amount of research went into evaluating new concentrator designs, exploring polymer films as options for replacing glass reflectors, and improving and reducing the cost of glass reflectors capable of maintaining high reflectance for 20 years or longer. Lower-cost polymer reflectors were also studied and shown to be a promising alternative, but as yet have not achieved the lifetime, cost, and structural design advantages needed to replace glass as the reflective material of choice. The structures that support the reflectors have evolved to become lighter and less expensive, while meeting the design requirement of surviving and operating in high winds. During this time, thermal receivers for towers and troughs were improved to withstand higher temperatures (i.e., higher levels of solar flux), thus increasing the efficiencies of towers and trough receivers. In 1985, in response to the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) and the California standard offer power purchase contracts, the first commercial CSP project was built near Daggett, CA, by the Luz Company. The first plant had an installed capacity of 13.8 MW (limited by PURPA regulations), and by 1991 eight other trough plants totaling 1 CSP Global Market Initiative Protocols, established at the Renewables 2004 Conference, Bonn, Germany, 1–4 June, 2004. 60PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power
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