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3.2 Concentrating Solar Power 3.2.1 CSP Industry and Market Overview Concentrating solar power plants produce power by first converting the sun’s energy into heat, next into mechanical power, and lastly, into electricity in a conventional generator. The three types of technology involved are trough-electric, dish/Stirling, and power tower systems. Trough systems concentrate the sun’s energy onto a receiver tube located along the focal line of a parabolically curved, trough-shaped reflector. Oil flowing through the receiver tube is heated to about 400°C (752°F); the heat is collected and used to generate electricity in a conventional steam Rankine cycle. Trough systems can be hybridized or use thermal storage to dispatch power to meet utility peak load requirements. Dish/Stirling systems focus the sun’s energy at the focal point of a parabolically shaped dish, which tracks the sun over the course of the day; temperatures reach about 800°C (1452°F). An engine/generator located at the focal point of the dish converts the absorbed heat energy into electricity. Individual dish/Stirling units currently range from 10 to 25 kW in size. Larger power plants are to be built by installing fields of these systems. The third type of technology, power towers, includes a field of heliostats that reflect the sun’s rays to a receiver located on top of a tall, centrally located tower. The solar energy is absorbed by the molten-salt working fluid flowing through the receiver, which is located on top of the tower. Power towers provide for energy storage for up to several hours at 565°C (1050°F) in large tanks located at the base of the tower. When needed, hot salt is removed from the storage tank and used to generate electricity in a conventional Rankine steam-turbine power block. The market focus for all three of these technologies is central power generation at utility or independent power purchaser (IPP) sites in units of 50 MW or greater. Dish/Stirling systems are designed in 10 or 25 kW-sized packages and can potentially meet distributed generation applications at smaller scales. However, plans over the next 5 years focus on deploying larger numbers of systems at central power sites, pending validation and reductions in the O&M costs. Because of budgetary limitations and the fact that no power tower systems are currently being designed for deployment in the United States, the CSP Subprogram’s focus is on developing trough and dish/Stirling systems in the context of this 5-year Multi-Year Program Plan. The key markets and market barriers during this period are described briefly in the following paragraphs. The primary U.S. market for bulk power generation using CSP technology is emerging in the Southwest. Through state-led initiatives, primarily driven by renewable portfolio standards (RPS), markets for CSP are beginning to emerge in California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Texas, and Colorado. These states are asking Congress and the DOE to provide technical assistance as they move forward with an initiative to deploy 1,000 MW of CSP power over the next 5 years. The state activities are starting to be consolidated by the Western Governors’ Association into the Clean and Diversified Energy Initiative, which will evolve over the course of this program plan. Under the Initiative, the states will address the barriers to CSP deployment by: • Determining the development pathway for their projects, including schedules and milestones • Conducting studies to determine the economic and environmental benefits from the deployment of CSP • Forming state-level and regional task forces (New Mexico and Arizona have current task forces) to manage the project development process • Reviewing RPS rules and modifying as required to meet mutually beneficial regional needs • Considering establishment of a regional market in the trading of renewable energy credits • Working with in-state and in-region utilities to establish the environment for utility purchase of CSP plants or the negotiation of long-term power purchase agreements • Evaluating the formation of a regional utility consortium to purchase the output from a CSP plant, thereby sharing cost and risk 59PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power
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