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Generation Characteristics • Capable of power, heat, or combined heat and power (CHP) generation • Firmable: storage of feedstock for use when required • Reliable: high capacity factors > 85%; capable of year-round generation • Best suited for base-load operation • Emissions: considered carbon-neutral on a global scale; however carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are released during operation. The amount is dependent upon the system design and feedstock type Feedstock & Feasibility Requirements A resource inventory is required to assess the potential amount and cost of applicable feedstocks. A wide range of feedstocks can be used, including municipal waste, wood waste, processed wood pellets or chips, and bioenergy crops. The cost range is very wide, from $50 to $150/ODT, with the most inexpensive source usually locally sourced wood waste (IRENA 2012a). System Costs & Technology Comparison Technology Direct Combustion to Steam Turbine or Engine Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Gasification with internal combustion engine (ICE) Electric Capacity Range 50 kW – 300 MW (turbine) < 1 MW (engine) 250 kW – 5 MW 80 kW – 100 MW depending on type of gasifier Capital Cost ($/kW) $1950-$6800 $4000-$6000 $2220-$7500 O&M Cost 2% to 7% of capital fixed, + $0.005/kWh variable Max Electric Efficiency (%) 5-30 (lower efficiencies for small systems) 15-21 20-25 Commercialization Status (biomass applications) Most commercialized Several commercially operating plants in Europe, at least 1 in development in North America Early commercialization/ demonstration Sources: (IRENA 2012a) (ENVINT Consulting 2010) (CTCG 2012) (Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., Eastern Research Group, Inc. 2007) (Turboden 2012) Technology ORC Gasification Steam turbine (Rankine cycle) Steam Engine Advantages • Low temperature and pressure in cycle allows for more inexpensive materials and components, and safer operation (no need for steam certified operator) • Good part-load performance, down to 10% • Can be fully automated, have low O&M requirements and costs, and long service lives • High capacity factor (up to 98%) • Relatively silent • High electrical efficiency, up to 25% • Can handle relatively high moisture content • Lower emissions, more easily controlled than in direct combustion • Versatile use for syngas (in turbines or engines for power, or boiler to produce heat only) • Ability to clean and filter syngas to remove contaminants before combustion • Usually operate at atmospheric pressure, so no certified steam operator requirements • Most mature technology • High electrical efficiency in large-scale applications (up to 30%) • Good part-load operation • Relatively robust and reliable • Able to handle higher levels of moisture and contaminants than steam turbines Disadvantages • Relatively low electrical efficiency of less than 18% expected • Somewhat limited operational experience in biomass applications • Working fluid is often highly flammable and harmful to the environment (though the risk of leakage can be minimized by proper design) • Highly combustible syngas with high levels of poisonous carbon monoxide can lead to requirement for specially trained staff • Not easily used for part-load operation due to inability to store syngas • Need for relatively consistent feedstock properties • The use of an internal combustion engine for power can require frequent maintenance and high noise levels • High pressures and temperatures, requirement for certified steam operator and more expensive materials and components • Relatively low electrical efficiencies for small systems (below 10 MW) Sources: (ENVINT Consulting 2010), (CTCG 2012) (Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., Eastern Research Group, Inc. 2007) (Gard 2008) (Turboden 2012) (Obernberger, Carlsen and Biedermann 2003) (Obernberger, Thonhofer and Reisenhofer 2002) (Salomon, et al. 2011)PDF Image | Biomass Conversion Technologies
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