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Biomass Conversion Technologies Biomass can be used to create heat, power, or combined heat and power (CHP). If there are applications for both the heat and power outputs, a CHP system can reach much higher overall efficiencies (up to 80%) than power production alone and is arguably the most cost effective use of biomass (ENVINT Consulting 2010). CHP systems output more heat than power, however the proportion and grade of the heat for is dependent upon the conversion technology selected. To convert biomass into useful energy, the biomass must first be combusted, either by direct combustion or gasification- combustion1. Direct combustion involves combusting the biomass in a boiler that vaporizes steam or another working fluid. The working fluid can then be used for heating purposes, or can generate power in a turbine or steam engine. Steam turbines that operate on the thermodynamic Rankine cycle are the most common method of power generation from biomass, however they are more suitable for large-scale applications and experience a drop in efficiency when used for applications below 10 MW (ENVINT Consulting 2010). Steam engines are generally considered appropriate for power generation below 1 MW. Direct Combustion to Steam Turbine Diagram The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) turbine is an alternative power production cycle that is better suited to applications below 5 MW (ENVINT Consulting 2010). An ORC turbine works much like a steam turbine, however comparatively low temperatures result from the use of an organic fluid in place of steam (70C to 300C) (Envirolink Northwest, North Energy Associates Limited. n.d.). ORC turbines can often be operated without a certified steam operator, making them more ideal for use in remote communities. Gasification-combustion is a more advanced method of combustion where the biomass is first converted to a syngas by restricting the amount of oxygen available and thermally decomposing the biomass. The syngas can then be combusted directly to vaporize a working fluid, or combusted in an internal combustion engine (ICE) to produce power. 1The biomass conversion technologies mentioned in this section do not include all possible technologies, only those considered relevant to small-scale (< 5 MW) heat and power systems and in the early to mature stages of commercialization. Many additional technologies exist in the R&D, or demonstration stage.PDF Image | Biomass Conversion Technologies
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