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Onshore Wind Turbines Onshore wind turbines are located on land and convert kinetic energy in the wind to mechanical, then electrical energy. The wind passes by the blades of the turbine, causing the rotor to rotate which in turn drives an electrical generator. The amount of power that can be generated by a wind turbine is primarily related to the wind speed, turbine height, and rotor diameter. Typically wind speeds increase with height, and are generally higher offshore than onshore. Wind speed is related to power generation by a cubic function, resulting in dramatic power increases with wind speed, as illustrated in a typical wind turbine power curve shown below. Wind turbines have a cut-in speed of between 3-5 m/s at which they start generating power; the power output then rises somewhat linearly until it plateaus at the nameplate capacity. At high speeds, the turbine shuts down to prevent damage, and this cut-out speed is usually 20-25 m/s. Locations with average annual wind speeds greater than 6.4 m/s are considered adequate for power generation, however areas with lower wind speeds may be suitable for some remote/rural applications (NREL 2011). 2000 1500 1000 500 1.5 MW Wind Turbine Power Curve 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Wind Speed (m/s) 0.018 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 Intermittent Supply Wind power is considered an intermittent resource as the power generated is subject to the constant variation in wind speeds. Higher wind speeds are often observed during the winter months, which is advantageous as electrical demand is often higher in the winter as well. The intermittency of wind complicates the control of a remote microgrid because the power output is constantly changing and cannot follow the demand; thus wind turbines are often used in hybrid systems where either a firm power source is used as backup, or storage technologies are employed to smooth out variations and store excess energy for later use. Wind Speed Probability Density Curve 0 5 10 15 20 25 Wind speed (m/s) Annual Winter Spring Summer Fall Energy Captured from the Wind The most common wind turbine size installed in the U.S. has a rated power of 1.5 MW, however turbines are available in a wide range of sizes from less than 0.1 MW to utility scale turbines as large as 5 MW (Tegen, et al. 2012) (IRENA 2012b). Several wind turbines are often combined to form a wind farm. Overall turbine performance can be characterized by a capacity factor, which is a measure of the amount of energy a wind turbine produces compared to the total energy it would produce if it operated at its rated capacity year-round. A capacity factor of approximately 38% is typical, which corresponds to an annual energy output of 5000 MWh for a 1.5 MW turbine (Tegen, et al. 2012). This is enough energy to power about 500 BC homes (Statistics Canada 2007). Wind turbines can be massive! A typical 1.5 MW turbine may have a hub height of 80 m and a rotor diameter of 40 m, making the distance from the ground to the top of the highest blade 120 m, as high as a 40-storey building (GE Energy 2009). Most wind turbines today have three horizontal blades that rotate relatively slowly, from 18 to 20 revolutions per minute (CanWEA 2008). Probability Power (kW)PDF Image | Biomass Conversion Technologies
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