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Carrot. Under the 1995 Home Grant, (Eigenheimzulage), federal grants were provided for the purchase of houses and flats if solar thermal collectors or heat pumps are installed. Up to €256 per year over a period of eight years was available. This program was completed in 2004. Carrot. From 1995 until 1998 a subsidy was paid per kW renewable heating capacity installed as part of the Market Stimulation Programme. Also known as the 100 Million Programme, the MSP provided capital grants of up to 30% of the investment costs of solar collectors and heat pumps. Over its lifetime more than €47.7 M (93 M DM59) were invested in renewable energies. €8 M was allocated to GHPs (ISI, 1999). A subsidy of €300/kW of installed thermal capacity was paid at the start of the programme, later decreased to €200/kW (EGEC, 2006). Solar water heaters for swimming pools were initially excluded. Subsidies for geothermal installations were subject to certain standards. The programme was phased out in 1999 and replaced with the German Market Incentive Programme (EGEC, 2007). Carrot. An Ecotax was implemented in Germany in 1999 incrementally increasing the tax on fossil fuels and electricity from €0.0205/litre light fuel oil or €0.0064/kWh gas (SHC, 2006). The ecotax was expanded in 2003. Beginning in 2002, bioenergy has been exempted thereby increasing the price of conventional fuels, and effectively lowering the playing field for renewable heat. Carrot. The successor to the Market Stimulation Program was the Marktanreizprogramm (MAP) (German Market Incentive Programme) that came into force on September 1 1999 (see Good Policy Practices, Section 4). This programme provides grants, long-term and low-interest loans, and/or partial release of debts in support of renewable energy-based heating systems. Individuals and small and medium-sized businesses are eligible to apply for grants and soft loans for solar thermal collectors, biomass boilers, biogas plants, heat pumps driven with renewable electricity, and geothermal heating systems. MAP has also provided incentives for large-scale systems for apartment buildings, district heating systems, generating process heat, and solar cooling systems. Although it was designed to support a number of renewable heating technologies, most of the funding available has been allocated to support solar thermal installations. MAP funds are mainly sourced from the revenues of Germany’s Eco-tax60. It has been amended several times since its introduction, altering the eligible technologies and the level of support (Langniss and Seyboth, 2007). An annual budget of €100 M was allocated in 1999 for all supported technologies. By 2005, this had increased to €180 M and €217 M in 2007 (European Biomass Association, 2006; ZSW, 2007). Grant levels for individual technologies fluctuated in response to annual changes in the budget (Table B3). 157 Table B3 MAP grants available by technology type in 2007 Technology Size Grants available in 2007 Solar €40/m2 (minimum €275) Hot water Combined hot water and space heating Process heat Cooling Wood pellet and/or combined pellet boilers Wood chip boilers Wood gasification boilers <40 m2 <40 m2 <40 m2 <40 m2 <100 kW Between 15 kW and 30 kW €70/m2 €70/m2 €70/m2 €24/kW (minimum €1 000) €500/system €750/system Biomass Note: Large scale solar collectors and biomass systems over 100 kW may receive a bonus for using innovative technologies in addition to basic grants. Source: ZSW, 2007 59. €1=1.95 DM. 60. Although the MAP programme is administered by the German Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA), MAP grants are administered by the Bundesamt für Wirtschaft and loans by the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (IEA, 2004).PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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