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124 Table A2 Cost parameters for solar heating in 2005 (excluding VAT) and projections to 2030* Current Austrian system costs (hot water only) vary from €610 /m2 (15 m2 collector area, 1000 litre storage tank) to €765 /m2 (6 m2 collector area, 300 litre storage tank) (Solarwärme, 2007). For larger systems up to 100 m2 collector area, the cost range (including installation but excluding VAT) is between €420 – 570 /m2. For systems with >100 m2 collector area the costs range is €370 – 500 /m2 (Fink & Riva, 2004). A typical 2.4 m2 collector, thermo-siphon system in Greece with storage volume of 150 litres costs around €400 /m2 installed (Drosou and Aidonis, 2006), with systems in Macedonia and Turkey around €300 /m2 and elsewhere in the region up to €1 000 /m2 (Drück, 2007). The investment costs for all these types of systems (domestic hot water, combi-, thermo-siphon) are assumed to range from €300 to 1000 /m2, with an average of €630 /m2. By 2030 system costs could decline by 35% - 50% to an average of €400 /m2, based on a global installed capacity of 200 GW (investment cost range €150 - 600 /m2). Assumed energy yields range from 250 kWh/m2/yr for a combi-system with a low solar fraction in, for example, central or northern Europe, up to 800 kWh/m2/yr for a domestic hot water system with high solar fraction in southern Europe. The worldwide average yield is assumed to be 450 kWh/m2/yr based on regions with relatively favourable solar gains. By 2030, energy yield could increase by 11% - 20% (depending on system type) to an average of 500 kWh/m2/yr (energy yield data range 300 - 900 kWh/m2/yr). Other studies used include ESTIF (2003 volumes I and II), the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC, 2006) and also expert judgements from members of this Implementing Agreement (Weiss, 2007). The most dominant factor in the resulting solar water heating costs (Table A2) is capital investment. Fuel costs are obviously zero, but a very small cost share exists for auxiliary energy. Based on the expected future cost reductions, the average costs for solar thermal heating could reduce from the current €52/GJ to €30 /GJ by 2030, but ranging between €4 - 116 /GJ depending on location and solar resource. th Data for base year 2005 Extrapolation to 2030 Minimum Average Maximum Unit Investment cost 300 630 1000 2005€/m2 -50% to -35% Energy yield 250 450 800 kWh /m2/yr th +11% to 20% Auxiliary energy needed 2 5 10 kWh /m2/yr e -40% - cost 0.05 0.15 0.2 2005€/kWhe +25% O&M 1.0 1.5 3.0 % of investment 0% Life of plant 15 20 25 Yr +20% Interest rate 5 10 15 %/yr +10% Annuity Annual investment payment Annual auxiliary energy cost Annual O&M cost 7.1 11.7 17.1 21 74 171 0.1 0.8 2 3 9 30 %/yr 2005€/m2/yr 2005€/m2/yr 2005€/m2/yr Total energy cost - investment 7.4 45.7 190 2005€/GJ -57% to -42% - fuel 0.0 0.0 0 2005€/GJ 0% - auxiliary energy 0.0 0.5 2 2005€/GJ -38% to -33% - O&M 1.0 5.8 33 2005€/GJ -56% to -43% Total 8.5 52.0 226 2005€/GJ -57% to -42% * Covers worldwide systems for the base year 2005, and projected relative differences by 2030. Neither a reference system nor avoided costs due to fuel savings are incorporated. Installation costs are included but heat distribution costs are not. Output data Intermediate Input data resultsPDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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