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Assumptions: Cost data were mainly based on reported costs from Austria, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. Where no literature references were available, expert judgements were made by IEA Bioenergy Task32 (Biomass Combustion and Co-firing). System bounds apply as indicated in Figure A1. Heat distribution costs and avoided costs due to investment or operational savings on a reference energy system were not considered. Geothermal The following technologies were considered: Annex A.7 Annex A.8 Annex A.9 Annex A.10 Assumptions: Conventional deep geothermal (CHP) Advanced deep geothermal (CHP) Shallow geothermal heating and cooling Shallow geothermal heating only DataforconventionaldeepgeothermalwerebaseduponvaluesreportedfortheUSA,NewZealand, Switzerland and Europe. A large range of national costs exists between countries like Germany and Switzerland with high standards of living and labour costs, compared to other countries such as New Zealand. Large ranges exist between minimum and maximum values due mainly to including a range of installation types such as district heating and industrial heat. Drilling costs of bores have been included. Where rejected hot water from geothermal power generation schemes is used as direct heat, the costs can be relatively low or zero. Nonetheless, in these cases part of the total costs of the installation was allocated to heat production. The ranges were based mainly on estimates made by the Geothermal Implementing Agreement (GIA). No specific data references could be provided. There is a lack of published information on direct use costs as they are usually considered confidential by project developers. SystemboundsapplyasindicatedinFigureA1.Heatdistributionandavoidedcostsduetosavingson a reference energy system were not considered; The GIA is considering conducting a detailed investigation into geothermal electricity generation and direct heat use costs that should result in more reliable and technology-specific cost data. For all technologies the overview was assumed to cover worldwide systems for the base year 2005, and to project relative differences to the year 2030. The calculations did not take into account a reference system, nor were avoided costs due to fuel savings incorporated. Cost data excluded any value added tax (VAT) that a government might impose. Installation costs were included whereas heat distribution costs were not. A1. Solar thermal heating Based on current German cost data, system costs for a domestic hot water system with 6 m2 collector area can be up to €1 000 per m2 or €6 000 per system. The cost of a combi-system with 15 m2 collector area at €900 per m2 can reach €13 500 per system (Drück, 2007). 123PDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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