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Heat or cold production costs are calculated from the location where the heat or cold leaves the conversion system (marked as X in Figure A1). Figure A1 System bounds applied in the data overview System boundary Renewable energy carrier Auxiliary energy X Heating/cooling distribution system 122 Where data is not available expert judgements from members of the IEA Implementing Agreements were sought. Data was aggregated into the global level due to limited data availability, but local conditions and resource availability can affect the REHC costs considerably. Further analysis at the national level is therefore recommended. Data ranges (minimum, average and maximum values) were used to calculate the costs across different kinds of systems and the range of available resource levels made for 2005 as the base year. This extreme value approach yields quite large data ranges. In order to narrow the resulting data ranges, a Monte Carlo uncertainty propagation analysis could be performed assuming a simple triangular distribution. However this was not undertaken and will be a recommended future step of the overall analysis yet to be undertaken. When projecting future data and trends out to 2030, based on the literature or expert judgements the costs for some REHC technologies were expected to decrease over time in most but not all cases, whereas some conventional energy prices were generally anticipated to increase based on current trends and the possibility of carbon charges. Percentage changes were used to indicate the assumed order of magnitude of an increase or decrease with respect to the base year. Solar thermal The following technologies were considered: Annex A.1 Solar thermal heating Annex A.2 Solar thermal cooling Assumptions: Hotwaterpreparation,combi-systemsforwaterandspaceheating,largescalesystemsandthermo- siphon systems were all included resulting in large data ranges. Heat storage components were included in the costs. Cost data were mainly based on reported costs from Germany, Austria and Greece. SystemboundswereappliedasindicatedinFigureA1.Heatdistributioncostsandavoidedcostsdue to investment or operational savings on a reference energy system were not considered. Biomass Annex A.3 Annex A.4 Annex A.5 Annex A.6 Biomass pellet heating (heat only) Biomass CHP heating Biomass anaerobic digestion (CHP) Biomass municipal solid waste-to-energy (CHP) Renewable energy conversion systemPDF Image | RENEWABLES FOR HEATING AND COOLING
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