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Tab. 1. List of demonstrative OTEC power plants [8] Item Year Location Producer Power [kW] Cycle 1 1930 Cuba Claude, France 22 Open 2 1979 Hawaii Mini OTEC, USA 53 Closed 3 1980 Hawaii OTEC-1, USA 1000 Closed 4 1982 Nauru Toshiba&TEPC, Japan 120 Closed 5 1984 Saga Saga University, Japan 75 Open 6 1992 Hawaii Nelha, USA 210 Closed 7 1992-1998 Hawaii Nelha, USA 50 Closed 8 1995 Saga Saga University, Japan 9 Closed 9 2000 Tuticorin NIOT, Indie 1000 Closed of cold water having the temperature of 8 °C was delivered from the sea bottom using a 1093 m long pipe. In this area the temperature of surface waters nears 30 °C. About 75 % of the produced energy was used for own purposes of the installation and the remaining part was transmitted to the electric network. Tab. 1 collects demonstrative OTEC power plants which were the objects of examination. Plans are to build a power plant fed by the Gulf Stream which flows near the USA. The temperature difference between the Gulf Stream and the surrounding waters secures efficient recovery of thermal energy at remarkable cost reduction resulting from a short distance between the lower and upper heat sources, and the disposal of the used water to the Gulf Stream which will transport it away. At the beginning of the 21-th century, numerous countries, mainly Australia, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy, India, Japan, Canada, and the USA, began to value thermal energy collected from the oceans to produce electric energy and intensified their activities oriented on development of technologies leading to most effective use of this energy [2÷7, 9, 13, 15, 18, 20÷22]. Technical solutions of these installations base on the Open Cycle - Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OC - OTEC) cycle and the Closed Cycle – Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (CC – OTEC) cycle. Open systems make use of the water pumped directly from the ocean. The water evaporates when flowing through the low-pressure chamber in which the pressure is decreased below the condensation point. This way salt is separated from the water. Thermal energy needed for steam production in the evaporator is released by the surface water which is the upper heat source. After leaving the evaporator, the produced steam expands in the turbine and then flows to the condenser cooled with the water taken from deeper levels of the ocean. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, which have been dissolved in the oceanic water and are not subject to condensation in the condenser, are released to the environment using the vacuum pump which increases the pressure to the level required for purifying the installation from these gases (Fig. 1). A characteristic feature of open installations is relatively high speed of medium evaporation, which is directly related with the processes of mass and heat transfer. The steam produced in the heat exchanger reveals low, or zero salt concentration, along with relatively low toxicity. Further possible utilisation of the medium used in the system can be an additional attractive feature of the discussed cycle in places where clean water is hardly accessible and highly required. In case of closed systems, the principle of their operation is the same as in the Rankine cycle (Fig. 2). In this concept the surface water is also used as the upper heat source. The energy from outside is passed to the medium in the heat exchanger to make it evaporate. Due to smaller specific volume of the working medium, the dimensions of the devices are smaller than in open cycle installations. Proposals can be found in the literature to combine OTEC systems with solar collectors, thus creating so called Solar and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (SOTEC) systems. Such solutions increase the efficiency of the entire cycle [6], [22]. Fig. 1. Scheme of open OTEC cycle Unauthenticated Download Date | 1/11/15 7:38 PM POLISH MARITIME RESEARCH, No 2/2013 49PDF Image | Design analysis of ORC micro-turbines making use of thermal energy
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