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A APPENDIX A: UTILIZATION OF CO2 Metals with high and moderate hydrogen overvoltage such as Sn, In, Bi, Sb, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ga, Ag, Au, Ni, Fe, W, and Mo and glassy carbon are good candidates for CO2 reduction. The nature of the electrode material strongly affected product composition as shown below: • Cd, Hg, In, Sn, Pb – reduction selectively produced formic acid. • Au, Ag, Zn – selectivity towards CO formation. • Cu – hydrocarbons (mainly methane and ethane), aldehydes, alcohols produced. • Al, Ga, Pt, Fe, Ni and Ti have little activity for CO2 reduction. For economic viability, high current density is necessary. Carbon dioxide reduction in aqueous solutions is enhanced by elevated CO2 gas pressure, which provides increased solubility. Note that formic acid produced in water, and oxalic acid/CO in aprotic solvents. The solubility of CO2 is much higher in methanol than in water. Electro-reduction of CO2 in electrolyte containing methanol may be a good option for recovery and conversion of CO2 released from various processes. High-temperature electrolysis of CO2 to CO and oxygen using solid ceramic oxide electrolyte has been investigated [25]. At high temperature, the free energy for this process decreases, since thermal energy becomes a more significant portion of the reaction enthalpy increase. Because the CO generated can be used as fuel, the system can be run as a regenerative fuel cell. CO2 =CO+1⁄2O2 Using a proton conducting solid electrolyte such as SrZrO3 or CaZrO3, CH4, and CO2 from flue gases can be fed to the anode of a high temperature fuel cell (with air feed to the cathode) to generate power, as shown below. CH4 +CO2 =2CO+4H++4e nickelanode O2 + 4H+ +4e = 2H2O Pt cathode CH4 +CO2 +O2 =2CO+2H2O Electro-reforming of CH4 can be carried out by running the above cell as an electrolysis cell (with no air feed to the cathode). H2 is electrochemically pumped from the anode to the cathode. CH4 +CO2 =2CO+4H++4e Nianode 4H+ + 4e = 2H2 Pt cathode CH4 + CO2 = 2CO +2H2 89PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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