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A APPENDIX A: UTILIZATION OF CO2 Using the same cell, by feeding CO2 to the cathode and CH4 to the anode, power is generated, as shown below: 2CH4 = C2H6 + 2H+ +2e Ag anode CO2 +2H++2e=CO+H2O Ptcathode 2CH4 +CO2 =C2H6 +CO+H2O Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 As seen above, the electro-reduction of CO2 requires a high overpotential. With semi- conductor materials as electrodes, the electrochemical reduction of CO2 may be achieved at lower bias potentials than in the electrochemical reduction, since light is more energetic than the bandgap of these materials. Some of the overpotential required for CO2 reduction may be obtained by the photo-potential produced. Pollutants in the air can be treated in a photo-catalytic reactor in the gas phase or in a liquid phase [31]. The reaction rates for some compounds are orders of magnitude faster in the gas phase than in aqueous media. One problem with gas-phase photocatalysis is the slow degradation in the photocatalyst activity due to depletion of chemisorbed water at the semi-conductor electrode/gas interface. Air-borne pollutants such as ozone and CO2 have been treated after partitioning into the liquid phase to yield energy rich fuels. It was first demonstrated that CO2 could be photoreduced at p-GaP photocathodes. Semiconductor particles of various sizes have been used, with the efficiencies for formic acid formation increasing with particle dimension in the 3.4-5.3 nm range. Catalysts such as crown ethers have been found to assist in the photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 on p-GaP in lithium carbonate electrolytes. Some of the design issues for photocatalytic reactor are: 1) Use of suspended or supported photocatalyst 2) Solar or UV light 3) Concentrated or non-concentrated sunlight The low pressure drop for slurry reactors is an advantage. Slurry reactors have outperformed supported photocatalyst reactors by a factor of 2. UV photocatalysis is preferable if electricity is cheap. Concentrated solar collectors are more compact, while non-concentrated collectors can collect diffused sunlight along with direct radiation. The efficiency for photosynthetic reduction of CO2 with H2O to produce CH4 and CH3OH depends on the type of photocatalyst used. When the particle size of TiO2 decreases, band gap between conduction and valence band becomes larger, making it suitable for CO2 reduction. At 275K, UV irradiation of powdered TiO2 catalysts in the presence of a gaseous mixture of CO2 and H2O led to evolution of CH4 into gas phase. The yield increased with UV-irradiation time, while no products were detected in dark conditions. 90PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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