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A APPENDIX A: UTILIZATION OF CO2 Gasification of carbon by CO2 by the following reaction leads to production of CO, which can be used as feed to a SOFC or MCFC. This reaction requires moderate energy input, which can be provided by capturing heat content of the flue gas. CO2 + C = 2CO delta F 298K = 172.5 kJ/mol C + CO2 = 2CO delta H = 171.5 kJ/mol Gaseous fuel can be produced by thermo-chemical reactions of CO2. Thermal splitting of CO2 at high temperatures could be an attractive means for converting concentrated solar energy to gaseous fuel. CO2 =CO+1/2O2 deltaG=0at3350K. The reaction may be shifted to right by withdrawing one of the products. Dissociation of CO2 to surface-adsorbed CO and O can also be achieved at lower temperature (500K) at surface defect sites on clean rhodium surfaces. The fixation of CO2 by algae is also a promising area, with potential of aquatic bio-mass to be used as fuel source. Electroreduction of CO2 High coulombic efficiency in CO2 and CO reduction is difficult to achieve due to competing side reactions such as hydrogen evolution. Another problem is their low solubility in aqueous media. The following are the equilibrium potentials vs. NHE electrochemical reduction of CO2 [25]: CO2 + 2H+ + 2eHCOOH CO2 + 2H+ + 2eCO + H2O CO2 + 4H+ +4e HCHO + H2O CO2 + 6H+ + 4eCH3OH + H2O CO2 + 8H+ + 8eCH4 + 2H2O (Eo = -0.61 V) (Eo = -0.52 V) (Eo = -0.48 V) (Eo = -0.38 V) (Eo = -0.24 V) These multi-electron reductions require less energy per electron transferred than the direct monoelectronic reduction of CO2 to CO2 - (-2.1 vs. SCE). Therefore, it is advantageous to do the multi-electron transfer. Water can be used as a proton source for electrochemical reduction of CO2. The reduction of aqueous CO2 to formic acid corresponds to 89% -85% faradaic yield. 88PDF Image | Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat
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