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1.2 Objectives and methodology Current research trends can essentially be divided into three sub-areas, namely ORC plant engineering, working fluids and process simulation. Due to the enormous practical relevance of this technology, there are some complex overlaps between these three sub-areas with regard to the optimisation approaches that are taken. Optimising the plants by converting the waste heat into electricity in an ORC process at low temperature is a relatively cost intensive solution due to the investment involved, but one that leads directly to increased efficiency. The thermodynamic and economic performance of ORC systems are influenced by a multiplicity of factors, including resource characteristics, single phase or two-phase expansion, the thermodynamic cycle configuration, subsystem characteristics, fuel cost, subsystem design and off-design efficiency factors, working fluid characteristics, and the selected independent thermodynamic process states. Hence, predicting the performance of ORC systems that recover power from low grade heat is one of the most important requirements for reducing their investment cost and optimising system efficiency. The objectives of this project therefore was to study, model and analyse an design point ORC system using a twin screw expander to generate power using HFC-245fa, as the working fluid. The methodology in achieving this involved preparing a software code called Power Plant Performance Prediction Program to simulating ORC system behaviour using performance indicators, like thermal efficiency, specific net output, total UA and surface of the heat exchangers. This software was further used to report the sensitivity of the ORC system. 1.3 Determining the waste heat Quality: When recovering waste heat, the quality of waste heat must be considered first. Depending upon the type of process, waste heat can be discarded at virtually any temperature from that of chilled cooling water to high temperature waste gases in an industrial furnace or kiln. Usually, higher temperatures equate to higher quality of heat recovery and greater cost effectiveness. The strategy of how to recover this heat depends in part on the temperature of the waste heat gases and the economics involved. If some of this waste heat could be recovered, a considerable amount of primary fuel could be saved. The energy lost in waste gases cannot be fully recovered however, much of the heat could be recovered and loss minimized. Quantity: In any heat recovery situation it is essential to know the amount of heat recoverable. Calculating quantity of waste heat is given as: Q = MFR x Cp x ΔT 3PDF Image | study of ORC with the expansion process twin screw machines
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