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Chapter 2 Small-scale power plants heat owned by the hot product gases; heat is then used to feed a thermodynamic cycle (e.g. gas or steam cycle), where it is partly converted into mechanical work (by means of steam or gas turbines, ICEs, etc.), which in turn is transformed in electrical energy through a generator. Obviously in this chain some losses occur, but even if the process were ideal, thermodynamic limitations (i.e. Carnot efficiency) associated to the heat/work conversion would remain, determining an inevitable reduction (normally at least 20 ÷ 30%) with respect to the maximum theoretical work. In Fuel Cells (FC, Figure 2.30), instead, the chemical energy content of the fuel is exploited in a completely different way, since it is directly converted into electrical energy by means of electrochemical reactions, thus avoiding the aforementioned chain with all its limitations: in particular no theoretical efficiency limits due to the second law of thermodynamics are present, since no heat/work conversion occurs. Obviously, due to the non-ideality of the cycle, there are losses present also in these plants, but thanks to what mentioned above, electrical efficiencies remain high, at about 40 ÷ 60%. As one can see, these are very high values, competitive with those of large scales power plants and, besides, they are coupled with exceptional environmental performance, since emissions are very low, as easily understandable. Moreover, these efficiencies can also be achieved by small-scale plants, as the technology is completely modular: plants are formed by a series of cells (hence the name), whose power can range from hundreds of watts to some kilowatts, up to a capacity of even some megawatts. Figure 2.30 – Pictures of a 5 kWel fuel cell package [2.2]. As schematised in Figure 2.31, in a typical FC the gaseous fuel (normally hydrogen, or however another gas rich in this element) is continuously being fed to the anode (the negative electrode, where oxidation of fuel and production of electrons take place), 89PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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