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Chapter 2 Small-scale power plants 2.6.2 Steam engines Reciprocating steam engines (Figure 2.29) represent the steam exploiting solution for power purposes on small scales (capacity range is about 25 kWel ÷ 1.5 MWel), where steam turbines cannot be adopted. Working cycle is obviously analogous: steam is produced in a boiler, fed with any fuel (e.g. biomass, too), being then sent to the machine, where the expansion takes place supplying mechanical energy (subsequently converted in electric one by a generator); finally it is condensed (releasing its latent heat to a thermal process in case of CHP) and water is repumped into the boiler. Figure 2.29 – A 1.5 MWel reciprocating steam engine [1.24] Inlet pressure is normally 6 ÷ 60 bar. Pressure ratio is averagely 3, up to a maximum value of 6: in case, multi-stage engines may be applied, in order to fully exploit the pressure drop and yield higher power. Moreover, doing so, electrical efficiency can raise from single-stage engine 6 ÷ 10% to 12 ÷ 20%: acceptable values (if heat recovery is being performed, obviously). Besides they are solid and proven units. However, installation of all devices required for a steam cycle (high pressure boiler, water treatment system, etc.), making the total cost rise to 2500 ÷ 4000 €/kWel (depending on size), is generally not justified and this is why this solution is not widespread. 2.6.3 Fuel cells All power technologies described up to now have the common characteristic of being based on exploitation of fuel through a combustion process (or, in some cases, of another heat source). In this reaction, the fuel chemical energy is released in the form of 88PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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