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Chapter 2 Small-scale power plants Figure 2.28 – Representation of a Stirling engine’ s working phases [2.22]. Stirling engines have not been taken into account in this work because they are essentially available on very small scales (< 100 kWel). Electrical efficiency is strongly dependant on size, as it can range from 12 ÷ 15% of 1 kWel machines to 30 ÷ 35% of 50 ÷ 100 kWel ones (the latter being competitive values with other technologies). However, in the future they are supposed to be mainly used on very small scales for domestic distributed generation (in particular, CHP), last not least thanks to their high first law efficiency, which can reach up to 95%. External feeding, as mentioned, allows the use of any fuel, because the flue gases are not involved in the working process. Besides it permits more regular operation, with low noise, vibrations, emissions (comparable with microturbines) and necessity of maintenance. Useful life is good as well (40,000 ÷ 60,000 hours). On the other hand, installation costs are quite high, at least on small scales: they can range from 2500 ÷ 3000 €/kWel for few kilowatts capacity to about 1200 €/kWel for tens of kilowatts (again, comparable with ICEs); besides, due to the high thermal inertia of the system, start-up time is significant. Stirling engine cannot be considered a completely proven technology yet, even if there are several manufactures on the global market. However, energy supplying is always meant to be effected with methane, while biomass applications are still at an early stage. 87PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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