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Chapter 2 exploitation of sensible heat sources and, to this end, different solutions adopting organic working fluids in so-called trilateral cycles have been proposed [117– 119]. Generally speaking, the criticality with such systems is related with the fully wet expansion process, still posing technological concerns regarding the ex- panding device, if this should be a turbine [120]. If very high electrical efficiency is sought, the binary (or cascaded) cycle configuration can be attractive and its evaluation has driven some interest, presenting several advantages if compared to a single cycle with large pressure ratio [10, 43, 109, 121]. Research on new working fluids can have a large impact, especially because fluids for high temperature applications that satisfy all requirements do not exist. However, fluid manufacturers are currently refraining from highly targeted devel- opment of new working fluids because the dimension of the market would require taking as a risk the large investments needed for R&D activities on new molecules, new synthesis processes, and new production plants. The merit of using fluid mix- tures has been addressed already many years ago [122], and still stimulates many theoretical studies. An innovative idea that very recently sparked some interest is the integra- tion of the selection of the working fluid into the automated cycle optimization procedure [123]. Furthermore, new developments due to the advancements of simulation science promise to overhaul the traditional sequential and iterative de- sign process. The new design paradigm can be termed virtual prototyping. The physics involved in an ORC power system is relatively well understood and there- fore it can be accurately modeled, The power of modern software and computers are making it possible to develop and use a programming environment in which the entire system and its components can be modeled and simulated to the level of detail that is needed for preliminary design and optimization [124]. Dynamic simulation capabilities allow considering requirements on transient operation and control in this early design stage [84]. Applications that may feature critical con- trol aspects are automotive heat recovery [114], and the conversion of concen- trated solar radiation [125]. The fluid dynamic of expanders is often the aspect of an ORC system attract- ing more research effort. A sizable improvement of the expander performance directly affects the power output and thus the return on investment, more often without affecting the cost of each unit. On the contrary, improvement of the heat exchanging equipment can often be obtained only by increasing the heat transfer surface, therefore the cost of each unit. The fluid dynamics of turbo-expanders and volumetric expanders is intensely studied [126], and the non-conventional features of highly supersonic flows typical of high-temperature ORC turbines has driven 38PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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