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ORC Power Systems: History, Status, Perspectives even quite some fundamental studies [127, 128]. Recently, several research efforts have been also devoted to investigate innovative turbine configurations, see, e.g., Ref. [129]. All types of volumetric expanders for mini-ORC power systems are currently studied theoretically and experimentally. Piston expanders would be suitable for high-temperature applications, and they have recently been studied for truck en- gine heat recovery systems [130], though the need for a lubricant, and the high blow-by losses are difficult challenges to overcome. Predictive models for scroll expanders are actively studied [131, 132], and also experimental activities are pur- sued [93]. Models of single and twin-screw expanders [133] are also under strong development. The literature reports very few articles dealing with heat exchangers specifi- cally designed for ORC power systems, see, e.g., Ref. [134] and [135]. However the design of more compact and lighter heat exchanger plays a very important role, particularly in the emerging field of mobile applications. To this end, several heat transfer enhancement techniques are investigated, leading to new concepts such as micro-channel [134, 136, 137] and porous [138, 139] heat exchangers. The addition of nano-particles to the working fluid might be beneficial for ORC power system for which ultra-high heat transfer to and from the working fluid is relevant [140]. Polymeric materials heat exchangers might also be an option in the future [141]. More detailed information on current and possibly future research and de- velopment activities is given in the following sections, depending on the specific application. In this respect, one important factor that might influence the level and amount of future research is the recent interest in ORC technology by large global companies. This is testified either by the starting of R&D work devoted to new applications, or by the acquisition of companies that developed ORC techology. 2.4.1 Heat Recovery from Automotive Engines The potential of recovering heat from the exhaust and the cooling system of auto- motive engine cannot be understated. The development paradigm of this product is radically different from that of stationary units, that now veers toward that of economy of scale (larger, customized power plants). In case of mini-ORC power systems the paradigm is rather oriented towards an economy of production (large number of standardized units). If this industrial sector is successful, several new large markets for mini-ORC power systems could open up, see, e.g., Sec. 2.4.2. Recently interest is being revived [142–146], and a considerable research and development effort by original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and tier-one sup- 39PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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