New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems

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New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems ( new-concepts-for-organic-rankine-cycle-power-systems )

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ORC systems (T viability, though the system is feasible. av.,source ORC Power Systems: History, Status, Perspectives automotive engines (from few up to 10 − 15 kWE net power output) and larger stationary reciprocating engines, but also as bottoming units for medium-size in- dustrial gas turbines (up to about 20 MWE), especially those used as mechanical drive in gas compression stations, and for power generation in the chemical and oil industry. With reference to fig. 2.2, new applications of ORC power systems are located at the boundaries in terms of temperature and power capacities highlighted in the chart. At power levels of few kWE, the conversion efficiency of low-temperature 􏰁 130 oC) is probably inherently too low for economic A number of research efforts are ongoing aimed at developing Rankine cycle- based heat recovery systems for passenger vehicle applications, with a number of studies identifying ORC turbogenerators among the most promising solutions [112– 􏰁 450 oC, in the power range starting from hundreds kWE, both steam and ORC power systems are feasible and various economic and technical consideration drive the selection, though ORC power systems are more often selected. It is only recently that, at this temperature range, ORC power systems are being developed at multi-megawatt capacity level, while for larger power capacity ORC power systems cannot com- pete with steam power plants. At medium temperatures of the energy source, 114]. If the energy source is at high temperature, i.e., T av.,source T 􏰁 300 oC, but large power capacity (> several hundreds MW ), ORC av.,source E power plants are studied for the heat recovery from large processing units in the oil and gas industry [105], and other sectors of the chemical industry are also in- terested. At low temperature level of the heat source, currently the only very large energy source that is driving some developments in the power sector is the ther- mally stratified water of tropical and equatorial ocean regions, whereby Tav.,source is actually extremely low (see sec. 2.4.3). As for the most relevant research topics, the supercritical cycle configuration is receiving attention because its thermodynamic merit needs careful evaluation, together with implications on turbomachinery design, due to dense-gas effects, and large expansion ratio [82, 83, 115]. The fluid dynamic design of unconven- tional organic fluid pumps for high pressure levels, and large compression ratio, whereby compressible effects might also play a role, should be considered, though at the moment no study can be found in the literature. In analogy to steam power plants, multiple pressure-level cycles and reheating of expanded vapor have been considered in order to boost efficiency [10, 116]. However, the feasibility of these solutions is challenged by the additional plant complexity they imply. The Lorentz thermodynamic cycle is known to be thermodynamically the best option for the 37

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