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Chapter 2 Flue Gas from Gas Turbines or Gas Engines Several examples of ORC turbogenerators used to recover waste heat from the exhaust of gas engines already exists [77, 78], and the number of these instal- lations is also increasing. In cases in which the reciprocating engine or the gas turbine is fed with biogas, the addition of an ORC heat recovery system is often economically viable because of the subsidized value of the generated electricity. Industrial Waste Heat Opportunity for heat recovery in the manufacturing and process industry are count- less. The majority of the thermal energy is wasted at temperatures between 60 and 400 oC, with a capacity that monotonically increases toward vast quantities at low temperature. Only recently this enormous potential has attracted interest, and few ORC power plants recovering various forms of thermal energy otherwise wasted are now op- erational, while many feasibility studies are performed. First examples of industrial waste heat recovery ORC power plants can be found in the cement industry [101]. Throughout the production of cement, about 34 − 40% of the process heat is wasted to the environment, mainly via the ex- haust gases from the rotary kiln, coming from the limestone preheaters and also from the ambient air used for clinker cooling [102]. Depending on the cement plant configuration, and the process efficiency, waste heat streams are available at temperatures between 215 and 380 oC [103, 104]. The first ORC heat recovery system (1.5 MWE) in a cement factory was commissioned in 1998 at the Hei- delbergCement AG plant of Lengfurt, Germany. Other successfull examples are: the 4 MWE ORC power plant at A.P. Cement Works in India (2007), and the 2 MWE Ait Baha, Morocco, plant of Italcementi (2010) [101]. Similar plants are under construction or commissioning: a 4 MWE ORC plant in Alesd (Roma- nia), a 5 MWE plant in Rohoznik (Slovakia), and a 1.9 MWE plant in Untervaz (Switzerland). In comparison to the quite standardized cement production, steel manufactur- ing requires quite diverse processes. The potential for heat recovery in the steel manufacturing industry by means of ORC power systems has been recently stud- ied, and especially heat recovery from the exhaust gas of Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) and rolling mills has been found promising [105]. One of the implemented arrangement features an intermediate loop, whereby saturated steam at tempera- tures around 300 oC is used in order to transfer the thermal energy of the furnace off-gas to the ORC working fluid [106]. Currently, a 3 MWE unit is under con- 34PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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