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ORC Power Systems: History, Status, Perspectives number of ORC power plants being commissioned all over the world. Geothermal Reservoirs ORC power plants around the world are used mainly for the conversion of liquid- dominated reservoirs at temperature of 120 − 150 oC, though examples of op- erational plants fed by a mixture of steam and brine at higher temperature exist (Zunil Guatemala - 20 MWE, Ribeira Grande I and II in San Miguel, Azores - 14 MWE, Olkaria III, Kenya - 13 MWE, and Oserian, Kenya - 1.8 MWE) [96]. The goethermal fluid usually contains also a substantial amount of incondensible gases, which might form corrosive compounds. In case of two-phase geothermal fluid, the steam and the brine are separated, and the steam is used to evaporate the organic working fluid, while the brine is used for liquid working fluid preheat- ing. The saturated cycle configuration with an alkane as a working fluid is the most common. Sometimes the system includes a regenerator. In case of a steam- dominated geothermal reservoir of large capacity, whereby a steam power plant is used as the high-temperature conversion system, an ORC power plant as bottom- ing cycle results into an efficient combined cycle configuration [97]. Exemplary plants of this type are the Upper Mahiao, Philippines (125 MWE), the Mokai 1 and 2, New Zealand (100 MWE), and the Puna, Hawaii (30 MWE) [96]. Solid biomass or biogas combustion High-temperature ORC power plants in the MWE power range fuelled with vari- ous types of solid biomass have been installed at increasing pace in Europe start- ing from the early 2000’s, thanks also to favorable legislation. More than 200 ORC gensets of this type are in operation. Most often these plants are integrated into wood-manufacturing sites, and feature the CHP arrangement, whereby the heat discharged by the ORC unit, at temperatures typically below 100 oC, is used for process purposes, or district heating. Many of these power systems adopt a superheated and regenerated cycle configuration, indirect heating, two, or in few cases, three-stage axial turbines, and MDM as the working fluid. The rated net electrical efficiency is usually in the 15 − 20 % range, while the total energy ef- ficiency can be as high as 90 %. Information on exemplary biomass CHP power plants of this type can be found in Ref. [98] related to a 1 MWE power plant in Lienz, Austria, in Ref. [99] for the 1.1 MWE power plant in Tirano, Italy, and in Ref. [100] for that in Ostrow Wielkopolski, Poland, rated at 1.5 MWE. 33PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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