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ORC Power Systems: History, Status, Perspectives struction at the EAF of Elbe-Stahlwerke Feralpi in Riesa (Germany) as part of the European H-REII Demo project (Heat Recovery in Energy Intensive Industries). The glass industry also offers vast opportunities for waste heat recovery by means of indirectly heated ORC power systems. An intermediate heat transfer loop can collect thermal energy from the hot gas exiting the oven that melts and refines the raw materials. The exhaust gas temperatures are relatively high (400 − 500) oC [101]. Since 2012 one such system (1.3 MWE) is in operation at the AGC floating glass production site in Cuneo, Italy. Other examples of suc- cessful ORC power plant installations for industrial heat recovery are at the urban solid waste incinerator plant in Roeselare, Belgium (3 MWE), and at the sintered magnesite production site in Radenthein, Germany (1 MWE). The Roeselare plant receives thermal energy at approximately 180 oC from a pressurized water loop transferring heat from the incineration furnace, and is a retrofit, because initially the plant was supposed to provide only district heating. The ORC system adopts a saturated configuration, axial turbine, synchronous generator, and Solkatherm as the working fluid. Concentrated Solar Radiation The design paradigm of concentrated solar power (CSP) plants based on ORC engines is mainly related to the choice of the maximum plant temperature [107]. High temperature entails increased conversion efficiency, but calls for compara- tively expensive solar collecting equipment and power block. The complementary approach consists in selecting a low maximum plant temperature which allows to adopt simpler technological solutions, but leads to lower conversion efficiency, which in turn demands for a larger solar field surface for a given power output. The STORES project, in the US, has investigated a new paradigm for the success- ful deployment of thermal solar plants: economy of production can be achieved by means of high-volume manufacturing of small-capacity standard and modular systems, suitable for distributed energy conversion, instead of larger centralized power plants. ORC turbogenerators have been identified as the optimal conversion technology in this context, because of their performance and reliability [108, 109]. The main outcome of the study has been the construction of the first solar plant of this kind in the Saguaro Desert, Arizona (US). The plant, entered in operation in 2006, uses pentane as the working fluid and features a nominal power of 1 MWE, with no need for onsite staff. The cycle efficiency is 21 % with inlet-turbine and condensation temperatures equal to 204 and 15 oC, respectively. The reported average annual solar conversion efficiency is 12 % [110]. 35PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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