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ORC Power Systems: History, Status, Perspectives Systems based on turbines adopting the multi-stage radial outflow configurations have been recently successfully commercialized [75]. The first ORC scroll expanders proposed to the market are either semi-hermetic or hermetic, the power output varies from 1 to 10 kWE, the volumetric expansion ratio is at maximum 4-5, while the rotational speed is between 1,500 and 6,000 rpm [93]. Screw expanders are in a slightly more advanced stage of development, and their power output reaches several hundreds kWE. They feature either the sigle- screw or the double-screw configuration, and the maximum expansion ratio is slightly larger than that of scroll machines (5-6) [89]. Their rotational speed can be as high as 10-12,000 rpm in the smaller machines. Bearings. Conventional oil bearings are typically used in case the electrical generator is external to the turbine casing. If the working fluid has good lubri- cant properties, especially designed bearings are adopted, thus simplifying the turbine/generator assembly. These are often of the tilted pad type due to the high rotordynamic stability they offer. The high-speed hermetic turbogenerator assem- bly configuration also demands for special bearings, either magnetic, or lubricated with pressurized working fluid [57, 76, 94]. Magnetic bearings are utilized in some units that are in the initial commercialization phase with low turbine inlet temperature. The implementation of this technology in higher-temperature sys- tems requires additional study. Pump. The power consumption of an ORC pump is comparatively larger than that of the pump of a steam power plant, being the ratio of the specific pump work to the specific turbine work larger. For this reason, even though standard centrifu- gal water pumps are often adapted for the use in mainstream ORC systems, some- times ad hoc pumps must be employed in order to achieve sufficient compression efficiency. The cost and comparatively low efficiency of multi-stage pumps is one of the main reasons why the supercritical cycle configuration is currently seldom adopted [86]. Heat Exchangers Evaporator / Primary heater. The primary heat exchanger/evaporator can be of the once through type [2, 72], or the shell and tube type, having the working fluid typically in the shell side [95, 96]. Thermal energy can be transferred directly from the heat source (flue gas, hot waste stream, geothermal reservoir, solar radi- ation) to the working fluid, or indirectly via an intermediate thermal loop. Direct heating allows for higher temperature and pressure in the evaporator, while indi- rect heating demands for additional pumping power, thus direct heating implies 31PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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