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Chapter 2 higher net conversion efficiency. The choice among the two solutions depends on many aspects: avoidance of hot spots that increase the risk of working fluid decomposition, ease of control, safety regulations, and contractual issues. In case of high-temperature applications, and if the working fluid is more expensive than the diathermal oil, lowering the temperature of the working fluid is a way of de- creasing the frequency of working fluid charge substitution, thereby lowering the operating costs. Regenerator. The adoption of a regenerator depends on the working fluid, and optimal cycle configuration [83]. In some cases, the thermodynamic advantage can be quite limited, but the adoption of the regenerator can help reducing the size of the condenser, which is often a significant cost component. In smaller capacity ORC power plants, the regenerator can be of the finned tube or plate type, thus being very compact. In larger power plants, the regenerator is more often of the shell and tube type. In any case, regenerators selection must account for a limited pressure drop on the vapor side, which directly affects the turbine outlet pressure, and thus its power output. This becomes a critical aspect if the condenser operates at very low pressure. Condenser. Depending on the availability and regulations, water-cooled con- densers are preferred because of the higher achievable net efficiency of the power plant. Wet cooling is also adopted if the ORC power plant cogenerates distric or process thermal energy or if it powers an absorption chiller or refrigerator. De- pending on the system capacity, compact heat exchangers are more commonly adopted in low-power output systems, while shell and tube are adopted in larger power plants. Direct air cooling is seldom adopted, because it considerably in- creases the working fluid inventory, while air-coolers with an intermediate wa- ter/glycol loop is the most frequently adopted technical solution. 2.3.2 Energy conversion applications The current applications of ORC power plants are listed here in order of rele- vance in terms of presently installed power capacity. ORC power systems are either the preferred or the only technology that can be adopted for the conver- sion into electricity of several types of relevant thermal renewable energy sources. For example, arguably most of the high temperature vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs are already exploited, while the potential of liquid-dominated ones is still very large [43]. Similarly, in case of biomass combustion, the optimal plant capacity is mainly limited by the cost of fuel gathering. In both cases, the flex- ibility in terms of temperatures and scalability makes ORC power systems often more attractive than steam power plants. This is testified by the steadily increasing 32PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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