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Chapter 2 some cases and for systems rated at hundreds of kWE, they can share the same shaft [72, 76, 81]. The so-called high-speed hermetic turbogenerator assembly allows to enclose the rotating equipment into a single casing and use the working fluid as bearings lubricant and generator coolant. In addition, thanks to the use of an inverter, the rotational speed of the turbine can be varied in order to match the machine optimum efficiency at the given operating condition. However, the consequent high-rotational speed of the feed-pump leads to its highly sub-optimal operation. Expander. ORC expanders are currently dynamic (turbines) in the vast ma- jority of the cases, while volumetric (screw, scroll) expanders are in the pre- commercial or market-introduction phase. Turbo-expanders cover the power ca- pacity (from about 100 kWM to several MWM), expansion ratio (approximately from 5 to 100), and inlet temperature (≈ 120 to ≈ 350 oC) ranges typical of current commercial ORC power systems. Volumetric expanders derived from refrigerant compressors are employed only in the low-temperature and low-capacity power systems (1 to about 100 kWM) which are now being proposed to the market. An exception are the 1 MWE screw expanders that have been recently installed in a low-temperature geothermal power plant in New Mexico [88]. The maximum volumetric expansion ratio of volumetric expanders currently prevents their use in high temperature systems. These machines feature lower isentropic efficiency if compared to turbo-expanders, which in turn are not yet available with a power out- put of few kWE. Screw and scroll expanders can be cost-effective because they are derived from volume-produced refrigerant compressors. A distinguishing techni- cal feature is that they can tolerate a fraction of liquid working fluid. Ref. [89] provides an overview on the main aspects of volumetric expanders for small ORC power systems. ORC expanders are in general different from other common ma- chines expanding steam, air or other gases, because dense vapor properties deviate largely from ideal gas behavior, thus affecting the design, and because the speed of sound is much lower than in light gases or steam [90–92]. Axial turbines are commonly adopted for medium to large power output ORC systems (several hundreds kWE to several MWE) in single or multi-stage arrange- ment (currently up to four in large-capacity units). The isentropic efficiency in nominal conditions typically goes from 80 % to less than 90 %. In case of smaller- capacity systems (up to 200 kWE), the radial inflow configuration is preferred be- cause it allows to achieve high efficiency with one single stage, even in case of large expansion ratio/high TIT. The optimal rotational speed in these cases can be of the order of several tens of thousands rpm. A two-stage radial inflow turbine configuration has been recently implemented in a large ORC power plant [77]. 30PDF Image | New Concepts FOR Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems
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