PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 069
developed to address forest management issues at a particular point in time; as new issues emerge, new guidelines may be necessary. State BMP manuals usually include sections on timber harvesting, site preparation, reforestation, stream crossings, riparian manage- ment zones, prescribed burning and fire lines, road construction and maintenance, pesticides and fertilizers, and wetlands. These programs are routinely monitored, and literature suggests that when these BMPs are properly implemented they do protect water quality (Shepard, 2006). U.S. federal law requires states to address non-point source pollution of waterways. State programs vary with some states prescribing mandatory practices while others rely on voluntary BMPs and education and outreach programs. These programs can be categorized in three ways: non-regulatory with enforcement, regulatory, and combination of regulatory and non-regulatory. In the Northeast, Massachusetts and Connecticut are considered regulated; Vermont and New Hampshire are non-regulated with enforcement; and Rhode Island, New York, and Maine use a combination of approaches. Over time BMPs for water quality have expanded to include aesthetics, wildlife, and other resources. A survey in 2000 noted that nine states had extended their BMPs in such fashion, three of those from the Northeast (NASF Edwards and Stuart). This indicates a precedent for expanding BMPs to include issues such as increased biomass harvesting. In fact, some of the BMPs developed for water quality and conventional forestry already contain guidelines that would serve to protect water quality during increased biomass harvests. When these guidelines were developed, however, they were designed to specifically and solely address the issue of water pollution. Full implementation of these guidelines is necessary for protection of water quality. As harvests become more intense, other ecological issues, such as soil nutrient protection and wildlife habitat, come into play; previous BMPs likely do not account for them. Although in many cases BMPs are voluntary, water pollution control requirements are not, and therefore landowners are compelled by law to adopt water quality BMPs to avoid legal penalties. This may explain the relatively high rates reported for national compliance (86%) and in the Northeast (82%) (Edwards 2002). Biomass harvesting standards must address several manage- ment criteria such as protection and maintenance of forest struc- ture for wildlife habitat, soil nutrient protection, and forest-stand productivity. These criteria, unlike those for water quality, typically have no legal foundation to compel compliance. The recently updated Forest Guild report, An Assessment of Biomass Harvesting Guidelines, reviews the biomass harvesting or retention guidelines from New York and New England, other states with specific biomass guidance, parts of Canada, northern European counties, and other organizations including the U.S. federal government and certification groups. We have grouped New York and the New England states together to offer a snapshot of the current situation in states geographically near Massachu- setts. Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and California are also covered because of their forest practices guidance on biomass harvest and retention. Entities interested in addressing concerns about biomass removal have taken at least three different approaches. One is to verify that existing forest practice regulations cover the issues raised by biomass harvests, obviating the need for new guidelines. Second, in instances where existing rules or recommendations are found to be insufficient, some entities—including Minnesota, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Maine—have taken a different approach and chosen to craft separate biomass guidelines that augment existing forest practice guidance. In the third case, standards-setting entities, such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), have chosen to address concerns particular to biomass harvests in a revision of existing rules or recommendations. The examples in this report detail the status of rules and recommen- dations for removing biomass from forests. The existing guidelines cover topics such as dead wood, wildlife and biodiversity, water quality and riparian zones, soil productivity, silviculture, and disturbance. An Assessment of Biomass Harvesting Guidelines lists the commonly used subtopics for each and identi- fies which are covered in a given set of guidelines. In some cases, a subtopic is noted as covered because it appears in another set of forestry practice rules or recommendations instead of that state’s biomass guidelines. The list of subtopics was developed from section headings of the existing guidelines and is similar to other criteria for sustainable production and harvest of forest biomass for energy (Lattimore et al. 2009). 4.3.2 KEYFINDINGSFROMANASSESSMENTOF BIOMASS HARVESTING GUIDELINES (REVISED) An Assessment of Biomass Harvesting Guidelines reveals a number of approaches to the development of biomass guidelines that provide useful insights for Massachusetts. While not necessarily directly applicable to the ecological conditions in Massachusetts, these approaches illustrate the general types of measures that have been adopted by other states and government entities. Three important questions are addressed: Do other guidelines offer specific targets backed by scien- tific research, or are they more general and open to further interpretation? The ability to assure the public that sustainable forestry is being practiced is often confounded by vagueness and generalities in forestry BMPs or guidelines. Foresters are leery of prescribing targets that are expected to be carried out on every acre of forest- land. Each forest stand is subject to different ecological factors, historical trends, disturbance patterns, landscape context, and management intent and should be treated as unique. Despite these difficulties, it is important for the profession to define targets and a system of monitoring to win public confidence and retain what has been called a “social contract” to practice forestry. The struggle between the need to set specific measurable targets and the reali- ties of on-the-ground forestry is now being played out as states and others entities attempt to set biomass harvesting guidelines. BIOMASS SUSTAINABILITY AND CARBON POLICY STUDY MANOMET CENTER FOR CONSERVATION SCIENCES 69 NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVEPDF Image | NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVE AT MANOMET
PDF Search Title:
NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVE AT MANOMETOriginal File Name Searched:
manomet_biomass_report_full_hirez.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)